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AS一词多义性及其翻译

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AS的一词多义性及其翻译

摘要:as是英语中一个非常活跃的词汇,在英语中用得比较多,用法也较复杂,是很多学生反映较难掌握的一个词。as词性较多,可作为代词、介词、副词和连词,常与其它的词汇搭配构成短语,或引导各种从句,在句子中作主语、主语补足语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、状语、定语、同位语等成份,在句中有着不同的含义。本文通过大量例句全面而详细地解析as在句法中的一词多义性,并给出对等的汉语翻译。希望对英语教育者和学习者都有所帮助。 关键词: as, 一词多义,从句,翻译 一、as作关系代词的用法

关系代词as引导定语从句时,既可以单独使用,也可以与其他词连用,其用法要比that和which更为复杂。

1. as单独使用,起关系代词的作用,引导定语从句,并在从句中作主语。它代表所修饰的句子的意思,译为“这”、“这个”“这一点”等。

(1) as在非性定语从句中做主语,先行词不是某个名词,而是整个句子。

a) slowly and carefully he made up his mind, as was his nature.(慢慢地但又仔细地下定决心,这是他的天性。) b) he, as is customary with him, goes to work at 7 o’clock in the morning(他早晨七点钟去上班,这是他的习惯。) c) it is absolutely wrong to think foreign languages

useless, as quite a few people did before.(认为外语无用是绝对错误的,不少人过去有这种想法。)

d) gunpowder, as we all know, was invented in ancient china.

(中国古代发明了火药,这点我们都知道)

(2). as地引导性定语从句,起关系代词作用,并在从句中作主语补足语,译为“诸如”、“既”、“如”。如: this improvement has led to the development of more complicated measuring instruments, or meters as they are called.(这项改进已导致更复杂的测量仪器,即人们所说的测量仪表的发展。)

as指代meters, 在从句中担任主语补足语。

(3) as单独引导定语从句时,先行词可以是一个词,也可以是一个句子或短语,作 “正如、这一点”解。例如:

a) she is late, as is often the case.她迟到了,这是经常的事。(先行词是整个主句)

(b)is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (2001年的高考题,先行词是整个主句) a. it b. as c. that d. what

b) to shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.对事实视而不见--你们好多人都是如此的愚蠢。(先行词是不定式短语)

2. as作关系代词,与其他词连用, 在引导性定语从句中作表语。

(1) 常与 “the same...”或“such...”相呼应,译为“与…一样”、“与…相同”。如:

a) my opinion is the same (opinion) as yours (is). (我的意见和你的意见一样。)

as指the same opinion在从句中作表语。

b) a flight in an aircraft is no longer such an adventure as it used to be.(乘飞机旅行已不再象过去那样是冒险的事了。〕 as作动词be的表语。

(c) your answer is the same as mine (is). (你的答案和我的是一样的。)

在a)和c)句中,the same在句中是表语,as在从句中通常也作表语。

(2) 在as is the case...定语从句中,as作关系代词,说明整个主句,而整个从句是倒装结构,the case...是主语,as是表语,连系词提到主语前,构成全倒装。整个从句译为”......情况就是这样。” 如:

a) the pipes may be corroded, as is often the case, and sea water may get into the cooling substance. (管子可能腐蚀,情况通常就这样,于是海水就有可能进入致冷剂。)

b) as is the case with iron, silicon and germanium in their

pure state are of little use in industry.(和铁的情况一样,纯净状态的硅和锗在工业上几乎没什么用途。)

(3) as + 过去分词 构成的省略定语从句中,as作主语,倒替整个主句内容,译为“正如”、“如”等,其中常用的搭配有: as already explained正如已解释过的 as previously stated如前所述 as shown in fig如图所示 如:

a) as already stated ,friction is one of source of heat.(正如已谈过的,磨擦作用是一种源。)

b) a meter is supposed to be 1/10,000,000 of the distance between the equator and the north pole, as measured on a meridian through paris. (一米是为赤道和北极之间距离的一千万分之一,该距离是通过巴黎的子午线测定的。)

as measured…相当于非限定性定语从句,从句中as作主语,as后省略了is。

c) as seen from the earth, these planets appear to move in circles round the sun.

(从地球往外看,这些行星围绕太阳转)

d) as announced in today’s papers, all the schools will reopen on 1 september.

(今天的报纸宣布,所有学校九月一日开课)

二、as作介词的用法

(1) as用作介词,引出同位语,此时as的基本意思为“作为”,“以……身份”。例如:

a) you’ll be hanged as a spy early tomorrow morning. 明天早上你将作为间谍被绞死。

b) he came to china as a tourist five years ago. 他五年前以游客的身份来过中国。如:

c) heat as a physical quantity must be measured in terms of a definite unit.(热作为一个物理量,必须用一定单位来度量。)

d) as industrial engineers, we must face up to the changes that will take place in our present field of knowledge.(作为工程师,我们必须正视现知识领域中所发生的变化。) 由such as 引出同位语,其作用近似like。

a) there are different forms of energy such as heat energy, sound energy, electrics energy, and chemical energy.(有各种不同形式的能,例如热能,声,电能和化学能。)

b) many metals, such as silver copper, gold and aluminum are good conductors.(很多金属例如银、铜、金和铝都是好的导体。)

such as 引出的同位语对前面复数名词起补充说明作用,一般译为“例如”。)

(2) as用作介词与名词、代词或形容词一起构成短语在句子中作主语补足语,译为“作为”、“当作”、“人为”、“成为”。如: a) he was highly respected as a judge and as a man. (作为一个法官,作为一个人,他受到高度的尊敬。)

b) humour has been well defined as “thinking in fun while feeling in earnest.” (幽默极人们巧妙地描绘成“认真地感受,风趣地思考。”

(3) as用作介词,意思为“作为”、“为”、“以”,它与名词所构成的短语,放在某些及物动词和某些带介词的动词之后,常常用作补足语。当这些动词为主动语态时,as引出的是宾语补足语。这类常见的动词有:

accept...as... (把......当作...... ), know......as...... (把......称为......) refer to ...as... (把......称为......)

consider...as... (认为......是......) …… 如:

a) the chemist writes table salt as nacl. (化学家把食盐合成nacl。)

as和名词nacl一起作宾语补足语。

b) in the previous chapter we have learned to look upon heat as a form of energy.

(在前一章里,我们已经学过把热看作是一种能量。)

as和名词词组a form of energy一起作宾语补足语。 有的语法学家认为在从句中起宾语补足语作用的下列as短语也属于这一类:

a) we regard the sun as the chief source of heat and light.(我们把太阳看成主要的热源和光源。)

b) we accept the condition as true. (人均承认这个结论是真实的。)

c) his employer described him as lacking in initiative and drive.(他的主人说他缺乏魄力与干劲。)

d) we can’t regard the question as settled. (我们不能认为问题已经解决。) 三、as作副词的用法

(1) as作关系副词,引导定语从句,在从句中作状语。如: a) i shall use the instrument in such a way as he used it.(我将按照他使用的办法使用这台仪器。) as相当于in which,在从句中作状语。

b) a magnetic field may be represented in the same manner as an electric field.(磁声场可以用电场表示的方法来表示。) as相当于in which is,在从句中作状语。

c) we can think about electricity flowing through a wire in the same way as we think about water flowing through a pipe(我们可以认为,电流通过导线与水通过管道的方式是相同的。)

as在所引导的定语从句中作关系副词,起状语作用,代替主句中的in the same way.

d) as a teacher, she is very strict to herself. (作为一名教师,她对自己非常严格。)

(2) 在as + 过去分词短语中,as充当状语。如: a) rolls are turned as required for a multitude of shapes.(轧辊可以根据需要加工成各种形状。)

as required = as they are required,作方式状语。 b) as has been said before, grammar is not a set of dead rules.

(以前就说过,语法不是一套死规则)

(3) as + 表示时间概念的副词+as...这种结构在句中起时间状语作用。如:as early as...(早在......);as long ago as...(远在......,早在......);as far back as...(远在......);as late as...(迟至......才......,直到......才......)等。如:

a) as long ago as the eleventh century the chinese people not only invented the compass but also used in navigation.(早在十一世纪中国人就不仅发明了指南针,而且把它用于航海。) b) until as late as the later part of nineteenth century, physics was known as natural philosophy.(直到19世纪末期,物理学才不称为自然哲学。)

c) as early as 1980, she was an actress. (早在1980年,她就是演员) 四、as作连词的用法

1. as用作连词引导方式状语从句或比较状语从句,作“如”、“像”解。

注意:这句话中第一个as是副词(同样地),第二个是连词,引导比较状语从句。如:

a) he isn’t as old as he looks. 他不像看上去那样老。 a) they helped the old man as often as possible. b) i don’t speak english so/ as well as he does. as=in the way that, 作像、按照……的方式解,引导方式状语从句。如:

a) remember, you must do everything as i do. b) he speaks english as americans do. 2. as用作连词引导时间状语从句

表示时间,意即“当……时候”,“一边……一边” “随着……”。 a) as time went on ,einstein’theory proved to be correct. 随着时间的的推移,爱因斯坦的理论证明是正确的。 b) i read the book as i went along. 我边走边读。 c) as a young man,he was a storekeeper and postmaster. 年轻时,他当过店主和邮电局。 注意:

as与when,while都是引导时间状语从句的从属连词,含义都是”当……的时候”。但它们有区别:用when时,从句的动作可以与主句的动作同时发生,也可以先于主句的动作发生;用while时,从句的动作为一过程,主句动作与从句动作同时进行或在从句动作过程中发生;用as时,主句和从句的动作同时发生,具有延续的含义。

① when作当……的时候解,可以指较短的(一点)时间,也可指一段时间。如:

a) when he was at college, he could speak several foreign languages.

b) when the clock struck twelve, all the lights in the street went out.

c) it was snowing when he arrived at the construction site.他到达工地时,天正在下雪。

② while常表示一段较长的时间或一个过程,强调主句谓语动词与从句谓语动词同时发生。如:

a) work while you work. play while you play. b) he was watching tv while his mother was cooking.他母亲做饭时他在看电视。

③ 但属下列情形时,只用as, 而不用when或while。 a) 用于表示同一个人的两种动作交替进行,指一边……,一边……。如:

a) the girl dances as she sings on the stage.

b) he looked behind from time to time as he went forward. b) 表示两个同步发展的动作或行为,译为随着……。如: a) as time went on / by, she became more and more worried. b) as children get older, they become more and more interested in the things around them.

c) you will grow wiser as you grow older. 你会随着年龄的增长而越来越聪明。

c) 表示两个短促行为或事件几乎同时发生。如: a) i thought of it just as you opened your mouth. b) just as the flying worm hit her face, she gave a loud cry.

d) 后接名词表示某一年龄段时,用as。如: as a young man, he was active in sports. 3. as用作连词引导原因状语从句 ① 表示原因,意即“因为,即然”。如:

a) 1994年高考英语试题单项填空第37小题mother was worried because little alice was ill, especially ______________father was away in france. a. as b. that c. during d. if 正确答案为a. as

b) as he wasn’t ready in time,we went without him. 因

他未能及时准备好,我们就去了,没有等他。

② as=since, 作既然、由于解,引导原因状语从句,常用来表示已为人们所知或显而易见的原因或理由。如:

as / since you’re not feeling well, you may stay at home. as he wasn’t ready in time, we went without him. 注意:

as,because,since都可以表示因果关系,连接原因状语从句,含义是”因为,由于”,但它们有区别:because表示的语气最强;as一般放在句首,语气较弱,较口语化;since常常用在书面语中,表示多为对方已知的、或稍加分析便可得知的原因,有时可译作”既然”。例如:

a) he will succeed because he is in earnest.他一定会成功,因为他很认真。

b) since you are so sure of it he’ll believe you.既然你对此如此有把握,他会相信你的。

c) as rain has fallen, the air is cooler.因为下过雨,空气比较清爽。

4. as作连词引导让步状语从句 表示让步,这种从句有两个特点:

1)语气比though(although)引起的从句强些。2)表语一般放在本从句之首;如有可数名词单数,前面也不要冠词。 如: a) child as he is ,he can tell black from white. 尽管

他是个孩子,但他能够分辨黑白。

b) badly wounded as he was, he remained quite optimistic. 虽然他伤势严重,但他仍然十分乐观。

c) he has made no progress at all ,lazy (fellow)as he is. 因为他懒惰,所以毫无进步。 注意:

as与although (或though),even if, even though ,however (或no matter how), whether...or...等都可以引导让步状语从句,含义是”虽然,尽管”,但它们有区别:although语气稍正式些,可放在句首,也可放在句中,主句中不能再用but,但可以用yet;as所表示的语气较强,引导的让步状语从句用倒装语序;however引导让步状语从句时,它的后面可跟形容词或副词,也要用倒装语序。例如:

a) although he is quite old, he still jogs every day.他虽然年纪相当大,仍然每天慢跑。

b) strange as it may seem, nobody was injured in the accident.这次意外虽然显得令人不可思议,却没有人受伤。 c) however hard he may try, he will not attain his goal.无论他怎样努力也达不到目标。

作虽然、尽管解,引导让步状语从句。常用倒装语序,即adj. /adv. / n.+as +主语+谓语+主句。如:

a) tired as they were, they walked on.

b) child as he is, he knows a lot. (child前不用冠词) as引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒装的形式出现,被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形,though也可用于这样的结构中,但although不可以这样用。例如:

a) object as you may, i’ll go.(=though/although you may object, i’ll go.) 纵使你反对,我也要去。

b) hard as/ though he works, he makes little progress. (=though he works hard, he makes little progress.)尽管他学习很努力,但几乎没取得什么进步。

c) child as/though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.(=though he was a child, he knew what was the right thing to do.)虽然他是一个孩子,但他知道该做什么。 d) fast as you read, you can’t finish the book so soon. 纵然你读得快,你也不能这么快读完这本书。

even if, even though 表示“即使……”,“纵使……”之意。 这两个复合连词的意思基本相同。它们常可互换使用,但意义有细微差别。even if引导的让步从句含有强烈的假定性,而even though引导让步状语从句时,是以从句的内容为先决条件的,也就是说,说话人肯定了从句的事实。例如:

we ’ll make a trip even if/though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好,我们也要作一次旅行。

even if he is poor, she loves him. (=he may be poor, yet she loves him.)即使他很穷,但她还是爱他。

even though he is poor, she loves him. (=he is poor, yet she loves him. )尽管他很穷,但她还是爱她。

(4)whether...or...表示“不论是否……”,“不管是……还是……”之意。

由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两个方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果。例如:

you ’ll have to attend the ceremony whether you’re free or busy. 不管你忙不忙,都要参加这个典礼。

whether you believe it or not, it’s true.无论你是否相信,这都是真的。

(5)“no matter+疑问词”或“疑问词-ever”的含义为“……都……;不管……都……”,它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。例如:

no matter what happened, he would not mind. (=whatever happened, he would not mind.)无论发生了什么,他都不会介意的。

no matter who you are, you must keep the law.(=whoever you are, you must keep the law.不管你是谁,你都要遵纪守法。 但“no matter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句,而“疑问词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。例如:

whatever (=no matter what)you say, i won’t believe you. (whatever 引导让步状语从句)无论你说什么,我都不会相信你。 i’ll eat whatever (≠no matter what)you give me. (whatever引导宾语从句)你给我吃什么,我就吃什么。

whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever 引导主语从句) 不管谁来都受到欢迎。

此外,有时while也可以引导让步状语从句,但一般要位于句首。例如:

while i like the color, i don’ t like the shape.我虽然喜欢那颜色,但不喜欢那形状。

综上所述,我们可以看出,学习让步状语从句的关键是关联词的选用;其次,要注意的是由特别提醒 1. no matter

what(who,which,when,etc。)与whatever(whoever,whichever,whenever,etc。)的区别:

当引导让步状语从句时,两者相同,可以互换,但当引导名词性从句(主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同谓语从句)时则只能用whatever(whoever,whichever,whenever,etc)。如上面最后两个例句可改为:

e.g. however pure the water looks,i do not want to drink it。

i want to marry the man i love, no matter who he may be。

下面句字不能用no matter结构:

whoever comes back firs is supposed to win the prize.(主语从句)

i am ready to do whatever you want me to .(宾语从句) 五、as与其他词构成成语 1. as...as的用法

as...as意为”和……一样”,表示同级的比较。使用时要注意第一个as为副词,第二个as为连词。这一结构的基本模式是:as + 形容词或副词原级 + as-分句。例如:

(1)this film is as interesting as that one.这部电影和那部电影一样有趣。

(2)your pen writes as smoothly as mine.你的钢笔书写起来和我的一样流畅。

其否定式为not as/so +adj./ adv. +as。例如:

this dictionary is not as/so useful as you think.这本字典不如你想象的那样有用。

若有修饰成分,如twice, three times, half, a quarter等,则须置于第一个as之前。例如:

your bag is twice as expensive as mine.你的袋子比我的贵一倍。

这一结构的另一基本模式是:as + many/much + 名词 + as-分句。例如:

we have as much snow this year as last year. 我们这里今年下的雪和去年一样多。

2. 几个关于as...as的常见句型: (1) as...as possible

please answer my question as soon as possible.请尽快回答我的问题。

(2) as...as usual/before

she looks as pretty as before.她看起来和以前一样漂亮。 (3) as far as

he walked as far as the railway station yesterday evening.昨天傍晚,他一直散步到火车站。

she has no experience in teaching as far as i know. 据我所知,她毫无教学经验。 (4) as well as

she cooks as well as her mother does.她烧菜烧得跟她母亲一样好。

(5) 在as + adj. +as + n.的结构中,如as neat as a pin(非常整洁);as regular as a clock(有规律的);as right as rain(非常健康的)等等,它们在句子中可作表语。如: a) he is as hard as nails.(他身体很结实。)

b) having worked for a long time, the students were all tired out, but after a good rest they looked as fresh as a

daisy. (学生们经过长时间的劳动都觉很累,但好好休息一下,他们又生龙活虎。) (6) as soon as

意思是\”一......就......\”,引导一个时间状语从句。如:i\’ll call you as soon as i finish my homework. 我一完成我的作业,就给你打电话。 (7) as long as

意思是\”长达......之久;只要......\”。如:she has searched the information about dinosaurs on the internet as long as three hours. 她在因特网上搜索有关恐龙的信息已经长达三个小时。

as long as和so long as均可表示“只要”,用于引导条件状语从句,两者没什么区别。如:

i don’t care so [as] long as she lets me be with her son. 只要她让我和她儿子在一起,我不在乎。

you can take my car as [so] long as you drive carefully. 你可以用我的汽车,只要你小心点儿开。

you may use my dictionary as [so] long as you don’t keep it too long. 只要使用时间不太长,你可以用我的词典。 但是,当 as long as 用于本义表示“与……一样长”时,与 so long as 在用法上是有区别的,即 as long as 可用于肯定句或否定句,而 so long as 只用于否定句,不用于肯定句。如:

a) it took three times as long as i had expected. 这件事比我预料的多花了两倍的时间。

b) it didn’t take as [so] long as i expected. 花的时间比我预料的短

c) so(as)long as one inch of this deck remains above water, there is hope.

只要这船的甲板还有一英寸保持在水面上,就还有希望。 此外so as to+不定式表示结果、目的,意即“以至于”,“以便”。 he raised his voice so as to be heard. 他提高嗓门,好让别人听到。 又as to可以引导各从句,如:

you must remember to inform me as to whether we should do it.

这事究竟做不做,你要记得通知我。

(8) 一些带有as...as结构的常见短语归纳:

as busy as a bee像蜜蜂一样忙碌 as easy as abc像abc一样容易

as deep as a well像井一样深 as light as a feather像羽毛一样轻

as soft as butter像黄油一样软 as rich as a jew像犹太人一样富裕

as poor as church mouse像教堂里的老鼠一样穷

参考文献:

【1】丁西亚,大学英语语法与常用句型精讲【m】,西安交通大学出版社。2001

【2】马静,大学英语语法重点、疑点、考点点津【m】,华东理工大学出版社。2002

【3】章振邦主编,新编英语语法教程【m】,上海外语教育出版社,2009.

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