2015年华东师范大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2015年华东师范大学考博英语真题试卷 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1. Structure and Vocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. Writing

Structure and Vocabulary

1． Mo Yan is______as one of China’s most talented writers. A．acclaimed B．claimed C．blamed D．studied

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查词义辨析。acclaim“赞扬，称赞”，claim“宣称”，blame“谴责”，study“研究”，根据题意，正确答案为A。

2． There has been no twentieth-century anthropologist more ______ or more controversial than Margaret Mead.

A．imaginative B．hard-working C．celebrated D．strong-minded

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查句意。imaginative“想象力丰富的”，strony—minded“意志力强的”，hard—working“努力的”，celebrated“出名的”，controversial“有争议的”。根据并列结构A orB可知，并列成分语义走向应该一致。controversial是一个事实性的评价，只有celebrated是与其一致的。

3． Communication satellites transmit information more______than do ordinary shortwave radios.

A．conveniently B．reliably C．accessibly D．concisely

正确答案：B 解析：本题考查句意理解。conveniently“方便地”，reliably“可靠地”，accessibly“可接触到的”，concisely“精炼地”。两者传播信息的比较，一定比的是速度、精确度等，这都是reliably的内容。因此B是最佳答案。

4． ______evidence indicates that acid rain is damaging historic sites in many

parts of this developing country.

A．Many B．Little C．Tentative D．Mounting

正确答案：D 解析：本题考查句意。many只能修饰不可数名词，little不符合语义，tentative“实验性的”，mounting“越来越多的”。根据句意和语法要求，本题正确答案为D。

5． ______all living things have some way of getting from here to there. A．Certainly B．Virtually C．Deplorably D．Eventually

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查句意理解。certainly“当然”，virtually“实际上，几乎”，deplorably“祈求地”，eventually“最终”。根据句意，正确答案为B。

6． I______him that I would help him if he had any difficulty in carrying out the task.

A．ensured B．assured C．guaranteed D．vowed

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查近义词辨析。ensure常用从句充当宾语，assure sb．that的意思是“跟某人保证……”，guarantee“保证”，常用做保证产品的质量，vow“宣誓”。因此本题正确答案为B。

7． It is dangerous to walk through a thick forest______a winter afternoon without a guide.

A．in B．at C．on

D．towards

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查介词。在具体某一天的下午，介词用on。

8． At the end of the year all department stores______prices to encourage sales.

A．promote B．produce C．reduce D．induce

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查句意，打折销售才能吸引顾客，所以是降低价格，reduce是正确答案。

9． The scholarship is open to all the students______race or sex. A．regardless of B．with regard to C．in conformity to D．according to

正确答案：A 解析：本题考查词组。regardless of“无论”，with regard to“关于”，in conformity to“遵照”，according to“根据”。只有不分种族和性别才能与all对应，因此本题正确答案为A。

10． That company claimed that this new material can______water like a sponge.

A．suck B．absorb C．squeeze D．drink

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查近义词辨析。suck“吮吸”，absorb“吸收”，squeeze“挤压”，drink“饮用”。根据题意，正确答案为B。

11． Although a recession is usually characterized by at least two consecutive quarters of______GDP, this is not a fixed rule.

A．falling B．declining C．fluctuating D．impending

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查句意理解。与recession对应的词尾decline“下降，衰退”。

12． Forest fires frequently threaten human lives and cause great property damage to people______in southern California.

A．working

B．sleeping C．dwelling D．playing

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查句意的理解。森林大火对当地的居民都会造成损失，无论他们是工作、睡眠、玩耍，均属于居民。因此dwell“居住”是正确答案。

13． Music and paintings can communicate one’s______feelings and emotions when words fail to express them.

A．slightest B．innermost C．rarest D．secret

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查句意理解。slightest“最轻微的”，innermost“最深处的”，rarest“最罕见的”，secret“秘密的”。难以用语言表达的，往往是内心最深处的情绪和情感，因此选用B是最佳答案。

14． All living creatures have to constantly______various changes in their environment in order to survive.

A．interfere with B．react to

C．comply with D．succumb to

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查句意的理解。interfere with“干扰”，react to“反应，应对”，complywith“遵守”，succumb to“屈服”。根据句意，正确答案为B。

15． Pregnant women are advised to take a______, balanced, and varied diet that contains plenty of nutrients from fresh fruits, vegetables, while grains, legumes, and fish.

A．wholesome B．gradual C．well-cooked D．delicious

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查句意。wholesome“健康的”，gradual“逐渐的”，well-cooked“烹制熟的”，delicious“好吃的”，根据句意，wholesome是最佳答案。

16． Our Chinese tradition is quite different______we only want to defend our

own country, not to invade other countries.

A．because B．for C．in that D．that

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查从句引导词和逻辑关系。空格处需要引导词引导从句，从句是主句的解释说明，表示different具体的细节，in that的意思是“因为……的方面”，最符合该句的要求。

17． China hosted the Olympic Games in 2008, thus______her dream to be recognized as one of the greatest nations in the world.

A．having realized B．realizing C．realized D．to realize

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查非谓语动词。首先排除C选项，因此处不能使用谓语动词。其次根据句子的时间顺序和逻辑关系，“实现梦想”和“举办奥运会”是同时进行的，因此选择B。

18． Suddenly the donkey gave a loud bray. Thinking that the donkey______eat him, the tiger ran away hurriedly.

A．would

B．was going to C．was about to D．was to

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查时态。根据上下文，题干需要表达“立刻，马上”，be about to do能满足这个要求，意思是“马上……”。

19． Ancient Chang’an was seven times______the size of today’s Xi’an city. A．\\

B．as much as C．that of D．of

正确答案：A 解析：本题考查倍数比较方式。倍数比较有三种方式：1．倍数+as…as：2．倍数+比较级+than；3．倍数+面积/尺寸+of。显然本题采用的第三种表达方式，因此正确答案为A。

20． The reason why he didn’t take the exam was______he had an accident on his way to the school.

A．because B．because of C．that D．due to

正确答案：C 解析：本题考查从句引导词。The reason why…was后的从句引导词使用that。

21． If it______for his help, I wouldn’t be a university student now. A．hasn’t been B．hadn’t been C．wasn’t D．weren’t

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查虚拟语气。本题是一个混合虚拟的情况，即从句是对过去事实的虚拟．主句则是对现在结果的假设。此时从句使用过去完成时，主句则用would／could／should+动词原形的结构。因此，本题正确答案为B。

22． According to the weather forecast, it______this afternoon. A．will rain B．rains

C．is going to rain D．is to rain

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查时态。这是对一个离现在不远的将来进行的预测，使用be going to来表达“将要”最合适。

23． Neither John nor his roommates______in the dormitory yesterday evening. A．was B．were C．has been D．had been

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查主谓一致中的就近原则。Neither…nor…连接并列主语时，谓语动词与nor后面的名词保持数的一致。His roommates为复数，因此谓语动词用were。

24． Malaysian Airlines lost an airplane on March 8 last year,

______whereabouts still remains a mystery.

A．its B．whose C．their D．the

正确答案：B 解析：本题考查句子结构。本题的主干为Malaysian Airlines，谓语动词为lost，宾语是an airplane，句子结构完整，因此空格处需要填入从句引导词，将空格后的主谓结构变成从句中的主干。只有whose有此功能。

25． ______you need any further information, please do not hesitate to let me know.

A．would B．should C．will D．shall

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查固定结构，should置于句首，表示假设。

26． Since you have already come, you______stay here for a couple of days. A．might well B．might as well C．might have to D．might

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查固定搭配。might as well“不妨”，其他形式都不对。

27． She told her parents that she had decided to marry him, ______a prince or a pauper.

A．if he was B．were he C．was he D．be he

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查固定用法。be sb．+名词的意思是“无论……成为……”。

28． ______you work hard enough______you be able to get a PhD degree in three years.

A．Only if, will B．If only, would

C．Should, will D．Unless, would

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查only if的用法。Only if“只有，唯有”，当only if条件从句在前，中间无逗号时主句要倒装。

29． Hardly______the train______when the waiting crowd ran towards it. A．did, arrive B．has, arrived C．had, arrived D．was, arriving

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查固定结构中的时态呼应。Hardly…when意思是“一……就……”，hardly置于句首，主句要到装，时态使用过去完成时，when引导的时间状语从句中则用一般过去时。因此本题正确答案为C。

30． The conference______next year will be an important event in the history of the country.

A．having been held B．being held C．to be held D．held

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查非谓语动词。conference与hold为被动的逻辑关系，且next year证明该动作还未发生，因此使用动词不定式表示将来。故本题答案选C。

Cloze

To say that the child learns【C1】______imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every【C2】______he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to【C3】______is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must turn【C4】______a more subtle theory than “Monkey see, monkey do”. Look at it from the child’s point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a【C5】______response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain【C6】______. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason【C7】______what to do, he observes a【C8】______who seems able to get the right【C9】______. The child looks for a/an【C10】______or expert who can show what to do. There is a second element at【C11】______in this situation. The child may be able to【C12】______his immediate goal only to【C13】______that his method brings criticism【C14】______people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of

delivering a message, he is【C15】______emphatically that such a racket is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to【C16】______any objective situation is overlaid【C17】______the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and【C18】______when his parents like his response. Then other adults【C19】______some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must【C20】______responses his social group approves.

31． 【C1】 A．through B．from C．by D．with

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查介词。四个选项都可以表示“通过……”，through侧重具体的动作和方式，from强调对象，by指的是抽象的行为，with则表示具体的工具。imitation是抽象化的行为，因此本题正确答案为by。

32． 【C2】 A．action B．thing C．situation D．adult

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查语义理解。上一句说到对孩子通过模仿来学习的观点，因此这里填入的是action，thing包含的内容太广泛，常常指静态的事物，孩子更多地模仿的是动态行为。

33． 【C3】 A．learn B．set C．imply D．follow

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查词汇辨析，“跟随”用follow。

34． 【C4】 A．from B．to C．for

D．into

正确答案：B 解析：本题考查词组。turn to的意思是“转向，寻找”，turn into的意思为“变成”，不符合文章含义。

35． 【C5】 A．ready B．immediate C．good

D．reasonable

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查语义理解。ready“现成的”，immediate“立刻的”，good“好的”，reasonable“理智的”。文章讲的是孩子没有现成的模式去应对新环境，因此答案为ready。同时，根据下文中“if he lacks a ready response”可知，此处正确答案为A。

36． 【C6】 A．ends B．purpose C．intention D．goal

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查词义辨析。purpose和goal基本同义，选择一个则两者都对，因此先排除。Intention是“意图”，end“结果”，根据题意，ends是正确答案。

37． 【C7】 A．up B．for C．through D．out

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查介词的根意。up“向上”，for“目的”，through“通过”，out“出来，有结果”。根据题意，正确答案为D。

38． 【C8】 A．student B．example C．model D．child

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查名词。孩子能模仿的是example和model。能效仿其行为的，最佳答案为model。

39． 【C9】 A．effect B．reward C．result D．outcome

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查名词辨析。result和outcome都有“结果”的意思，result用途最广泛，outcome则强调过程、经历的结果。根据题意，最佳答案为C。

40． 【C10】 A．professional B．authority C．specialist D．teacher

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查并列结构。并列结构A or B中，并列成分词性一致、语义一致，按此原则可知空格处应为expert的近义词。professional和specialist侧重某个领域的专业人士，authority则表示可提供正确答案和准则的权威，是最佳答案。

41． 【C11】 A．working B．work C．the work D．his

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查动词词组。at work意思是“起作用”。

42． 【C12】 A．attain B．find C．acquire D．grasp

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查固定搭配。attain goal是惯用搭配，意思是“达到目标”。

43． 【C13】 A．tell B．get C．find D．realize

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查惯用法。only to find意思是“结果却……”，表示意料之外的发现。

44． 【C14】 A．to B．into C．from D．out of

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查介词根意。to“朝着”，into“进入”，from“来自”，out of“出于”，本题表示“来自他人的批评”，因此正确答案为C。

45． 【C15】 A．informed B．asked C．notified D．told

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查上下文语义。上一句讲到孩子虽然达到目的，但方式却被人不认可，那么此处应该是解释不认可的结果，即被告知行为的不确定性。因此这里正确答案为told。

46． 【C16】 A．solve B．face

C．encounter D．avoid

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查语义。solve“解决”，face“面对”，encounter“遭遇”，avoid“避免”，根据题意，正确答案为solve。

47． 【C17】 A．by B．with

C．in D．for

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查动词与介词的搭配。be overlaid with“与……重叠”。

48． 【C18】 A．like B．love C．consent D．approval

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查并列结构。A and B中，并列成分词性一致，语义走向一致，即空格处应该填入与affection走向一致的词。同时此处是父母与子女的关系，故approval最恰当。like不做名词，love是最基本的爱，这不受到孩子处理方式的影响。consent来自同级之间的赞同或首肯，approval则是上下级之间、长辈与晚辈之间的批准。

49． 【C19】 A．grant B．appraise C．reward D．award

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查语义。这里是明显的对比，criticize的反义词为reward“奖励”。reward与award的区别是，reward行为在先，reward在后，强调鼓励。award则是“颁奖，给予……奖”。最佳答案为C。

50． 【C20】 A．do B．take C．adopt D．employ

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查动词的含义。do“做”，take“使用”，adopt“采纳”，employ“雇佣，使用”。强调“采用”含义时，选用adopt。

Reading Comprehension

One of the most important periods in Greed history was the Hellenistic Age which began after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. , and lasted almost

200 years. It was during this time in history that Greek ideas and Greek culture spread to Egypt and throughout the Near East. A Greek state even existed as far west as India. During the Hellenistic Age, there were great advances in such areas as philosophy, science, religion, art and social justice. Important discoveries were made in the sciences. Eratosthenes, for instance, made an accurate calculation of the diameter of the earth, while Aristarchus declared that the earth was round. Social reformers attempted to abolish debt and institute a program of land redistribution among the poor but met with little success. Women achieved a better social standing and among the middle class education became widespread. Peace of mind was the great concern of the philosophers of the Hellenistic Age. The Stoics insisted that happiness could be achieved when man learned to accept the events which were beyond his control and, at the same time, did his duty. The Epicureans espoused the idea that moderation in pleasure and the avoidance of pain produced the desired result. The Cynics turned away from all desires and pleasures, and advocated a pursuit of virtue. In religion, many Greeks turned to the worship of such Egyptian gods as Serapis and Isis. During the Hellenistic Age, the area of Greek influence included such political powers as the Ptolemies of Egypt, the Seleucids of Syria, the Antigonids of Macedon and the Attalids of Pergamum, and it was their fighting against each other and among themselves that paved the way for the aggressive Romans to conquer Greece and most of the Hellenistic world in the 100’s B. C. The Romans brought the Hellenistic Age to a close when they conquered the last major power, Egypt, in 30 B. C.

51． What part did Alexander the Great play in the flowering of Greek culture during the Hellenistic Age?

A．It was his wisdom and power which aided its growth. B．He helped especially in the area of science.

C．It was in social reforms that he contributed most. D．He had no direct involvement whatsoever.

正确答案：D

解析：细节题。通过Alexander the Great定位到第一段可知，希腊化时代是亚历山大大帝去世后开始的，文中并未描述他与该时代的关系。因此本题答案为D。

52． Which statement about the Hellenistic Age is not correct? A．Land redistribution was less than successful. B．The social standing of women improved.

C．Education spread from the middle to the lower classes. D．Attempts to abolish debt did not find great success.

正确答案：C

解析：细节判断题。从第二段的最后两句话得知，土地的再分配不成功，消

除债务的社会革命也无功夭折，女性获得了更好的社会地位，教育也在中层阶级中扩展开来，A、B、D选项符合文意。教育并未从中层向下层传播，故本题正确答案为C。

53． According to the passage, which statement is most likely? A．A Cynic would seek a life a comfort and ease. B．A Stoic would try to do what was expected of him. C．An Epicurean would enjoy a hard fight.

D．A Stoic would attempt to triumph over nature.

正确答案：B

解析：推理题。从第二段的第二句可知，Stoic坚持快乐来自于安于接受超出自己控制范围的事件，同时履行自己的义务。B选项(Stoic尽力履行别人对他的期望值)是原文的近义改写。

54． The Roman conquest of the Hellenistic world was helped greatly by the______.

A．divisions existing among its political factions B．inability of its philosophers to work together C．conflict between its several religious groups

D．lack of agreement on its necessary social reforms

正确答案：A

解析：细节题。用Roman conquest回到原文定位到最后一段倒数第二句可知，正是希腊内部各城邦之间的战争为罗马人的征服铺平了道路。因此本题正确答案为A。

55． The word “espouse” in the third paragraph of this passage probably means______.

A．propose B．marry C．support D．reject

正确答案：C

解析：词汇题。第三段中讲到Epicureans espoused the idea…，根据上下文可知，该段落的主旨是各种流派对不同观点的支持。这里选择support。Espouse的本意是“联姻”，这里使用的是引申义。

Why are so many people unhappy in their jobs? There are two primary reasons. First, some people are convinced that earning a living is wasting time that they could spend enjoying themselves or uncovering their true talents. If this is the case with you, recall your last long vacation. Was it two weeks of complete enjoyment? More likely it was a week and a half of fun in the sun, with another half a

week or “Boy. I can’t wait to get back to work. “ While all work and no play is not good, all play and no work is disastrous. We need to feel we are accomplishing something. We also need some form of order in our lives. The second and perhaps more prevalent reason for people not to like their work is that they feel trapped. Once you’ve been at a company for five years and have a spouse, a mortgage and a child, you often feel you have very little choice about jumping ship if things aren’t turning out as you’d planned. A steady paycheck can be the biggest manacle of all. People resent having to do something because they have no other choice. If you find yourself resenting your job because you can’t afford to quit, it may be time to prepare what one career counselor humorously calls a “cyanide capsule”. He recalls spy movies in which the secret agent bas such a capsule hidden somewhere on his body. If he’s captured and tortured unbearably, he has an option. And having an option gives him the strength to hold on a little longer in the hope that the situation may change. Rather than cyanide, your option takes the form of an up-to-date resume. You might also take a weekly glance through the help-wanted section, and make some visits to industry functions where low-key networking can take place. You’re not giving up your current job. Rather, you are providing yourself with an option. If things get unbearable at work, you could jump ship. Being in this position can do wonders for your attitude. It allows you to enjoy your work since, in reality, you are here only because you want to be. At the core of adopting a positive attitude to your workplace is, above all, assuming responsibility for your own situation. Most people feel controlled by their environment, but they really aren’t. They have to learn to manage that environment so they can get from it what they need.

56． What do we most likely want during a long vacation, according to the author?

A．To extend the vacation as long as possible. B．To gain a balance between work and play. C．To go back to work as soon as possible. D．To relax completely free from worry.

正确答案：B

解析：第2段最后三句表明作者认为干活和玩乐应该并行，不能光干活，也不能光玩乐，由此可见，选项B为本题答案。其他选项与作者观点相反，因此都不正确。

57． It is indicated in the passage that most people dislike their jobs because______.

A．going to work is wasting their time B．they can’t feel fulfilled in their jobs C．they are confined to the jobs tightly D．pay seldom corresponds with work

正确答案：C 解析：原文在首段和第3段分别提到两个人们不喜欢他们的工作的原因，其中第3段提到的第2个原因是more prevalent reason，由此可见，正确选项应与第2个原因同义，选项C是它的近义替换，为本题答案。进项A是第1个原因，但不符合题干most people的要求；选项B和D在原文均未提及。

58． When one considers changing job, the biggest difficulty is______. A．leaving a company and a good boss B．reducing the family burden C．giving up a stable income

D．drawing up a better plan for the future

正确答案：C

解析：第3段倒数第2句表明最大的困难是steady paycheck，即放弃稳定的收入最困难，因此本题答案为选项C。接他三个选项均未提及，与“最大的”困难无关。

59． The author suggests that, by having a “cyanide capsule” at work, one will______.

A．find a satisfactory job soon

B．be as brave as the hero in spy movies C．be more tolerant with the present job

D．have the courage to give up the unbearable job

正确答案：C

解析：作者在第4段首句首先提到“cyanide capsule”，然后在第2、3句对此做出了解释，第4句对cyanide capsule的作用做了总结，选项C是对第4句中的hold on a little longer的近义改写，因此为本题答案。

60． You will change your attitude towards your job when______. A．you are provided with the chance to choose B．you are responsible for your present job C．you get ready your up-to-date resume D．you get what you need from your job

正确答案：A

解析：第5段倒数第2句表明being in this position就能改变一个人的态度，而thisposition指的是上文提到的“为自己提供一种选择”。这样，在无法忍受的时候还可以有另一个选择，由此可见，选项A为本题答案。

Watch a baby between six and nine months old, and you will observe the basic idea of geometry being learned. Once the baby has mastered the idea that space is three dimensional, it reaches out and begins grasping various things, that the ideas of sets and numbers are formed. So far, so good. But now an ominous development

takes place. The nerve fibers in the brain separate themselves in such a way that the baby begins to hear sounds very exactly. Soon it picks up language. And it is then brought into direct communication with grown-ups. From this point on, it is usually downhill all the way for mathematics, because the child now becomes exposed to all the rubbish words and beliefs of the born. Nature, having done very well by the child to this point, having permitted it the luxury of thinking for itself for eighteen months, now gives it up to the unreasonable conventions and beliefs of society. But at least the child knows something of geometry and peaceful days, no matter what vicissitudes(兴衰变迁)it may suffer later on. The main reservoir of mathematical ability in any society is thus possessed by children who are about two years old, children who have just learned to speak freely.

61． What does the passage mainly discuss?

A．The impact(影响)of language on mathematics. B．Children’s ability to learn languages. C．How basic ideas of physics are learned? D．Maths-learning strategies(策略)for babies.

正确答案：A

解析：主旨题。文章首句告知我们，6到9个月大的婴儿便开始开发geometry(几何学)的概念和能力。但从孩子能听懂并可以和大人交流后，语言对数学学习产生了可怕的影响。因此本题最佳答案为A。

62． According to the passage, which of the following activities would teach a baby about geometry?

A．Picking up a wooden block. B．Recognizing the number C．Saying a rubbish word. D．Looking at a distant word.

正确答案：A

解析：细节题。从第一、二句可知，自从孩子有了三维概念后，便可以抓起各种各样的物体。A选项(捡起一块木头)属于这样的活动，因此本题答案为A。

63． According to the author, at what age does a child probably begin to learn about sets and numbers?

A．six months B．nine months C．fifteen months D．eighteen months

正确答案：B

解析：细节题。通过文章第三句可知，孩子从9个月大开始，就逐渐形成集

数的概念。因此本题正确答案为B。

64． The use of the word “ominous” shows that the author believes the child’s______.

A．linguistic future is threatened B．nerves will deteriorate C．hearing will suffer

D．mathematical ability will decline

正确答案：D

解析：推理题。ominous的意思是“可怕的，恐怖的”。从文中的语义转折词比如unfortunate等可以看出，作者并不认为与成人用语言交流对孩子发展数学能力有好处。因此本题的正确答案为D。

65． The author’s attitude toward early childhood education can best be described as somewhat______.

A．indifferent B．compromising C．indulgent D．cynical

正确答案：B

解析：态度题。从文章最后一句可知，作者认为数学天赋的获得与孩子能自由运用语言是结合在一起的，因此其态度可以描述为折中的。

Discovered in the early 1800s and named ‘ nicotianine’ , the oily essence now called nicotine is the main active ingredient of tobacco. Nicotine, however, is only a small component of cigarette smoke, which contains more than 4, 700 chemical compounds, including 43 cancer causing substances. In recent times, scientific research has been providing evidence that years of cigarette smoking vastly increases the risk of developing fatal medical conditions. In addition to being responsible for more than 85 per cent of lung cancers, smoking is associated with cancers of, amongst others, the mouth, stomach and kidneys, and is thought to cause about 14 per cent of leukemia and cervical cancers. In 1990, smoking caused more than 84,000 deaths, mainly resulting from such problems as pneumonia, bronchitis and influenza. Smoking, it is believed, is responsible for 30 per cent of all deaths from cancer and clearly represents the most important preventable cause of cancer in countries like the United States today. Passive smoking, the breathing in of the side-stream smoke from the burning of tobacco between puffs or of the smoke exhaled by a smoker, also causes a serious health risk. A report published in 1992 by the US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)emphasized the health dangers, especially from side-stream smoke. This type of smoke contains more, smaller particles and is therefore more likely to be deposited deep in the lungs. On the basis of this report, the EPA has classified environmental tobacco smoke in the highest risk

category for causing cancer. As an illustration of the health risks, in the case of a married couple where one partner is a smoker and one a nonsmoker, the latter is believed to have a 30 per cent higher risk of death from heart disease because of passive smoking. The risk of lung cancer also increases over the years of exposure and the figure jumps to 80 per cent if the spouse has been smoking four packs a day for 20 years. It has been calculated that 17 per cent of cases of lung cancer can be attributed to high levels of exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke during childhood and adolescence.

66． According to information in the text, leukemia and pneumonia______ A．are responsible for 84, 000 deaths each year. B．are strongly linked to cigarette smoking. C．are strongly linked to lung cancer. D．result in 30 per cent of deaths per year.

正确答案：B

解析：细节题。通过leukemia and pneumonia定位到第二段前两句，可知白血病和肺炎都是长期吸引可能造成的恶果。

67． According to information in the text, intake of side-stream smoke______. A．inhibits the flow of oxygen to the heart. B．increase absorption of other smoke particles. C．inhibits red blood cell formation. D．promotes nicotine absorption.

正确答案：B

解析：细节题。通过side—stream smoke定位到第三段可知，这会导致小颗粒在肺部沉积而致病，因此B选项是正确答案。

68． According to information in the text, intake of nicotine encourages A．blood circulation through the body B．activity of other toxins in the blood. C．formation of blood clots.

D．an increase of platelets in the blood.

正确答案：B

解析：推理题。根据nicotine定位到第一段第二句，说到尼古丁只是4700多种化学混合物质之一，会导致很多种疾病，四个选项中只有B(增加血液中其他有毒物质的活动)是最能导致疾病的情况。

69． It can be inferred from the passage that______.

A．we can reduce deaths from cancer by 30% if no one smokes in the world B．we can reduce deaths from lung cancer by 85% if no one smokes in the world

C．a non-smoker can reduce the risk of death from heart disease by 30% if he or she is able to avoid passive smoking

D．all of above

正确答案：D

解析：推理题，实际是反向的细节判断题。用数字回到原文定位到第二段最后一句(A选项)、第一段最后一句(B选项)、最后一段第一句(C选项)事实描述都是正确的。

70． The word “pneumonia” is a disease that has to do with______. A．the heart B．the lung C．stomach D．kidney

正确答案：B

解析：词汇题。pneumonia是常见的医学词汇，是“肺炎”的意思。通过吸引引发的最常见的疾病也可以推理，这是与lung相关的疾病。

Biology may not be destiny, but genes apparently have a far greater influence on human behavior than is commonly thought. Similarities ranging from phobias to hobbies to bodily gestures are being found in pairs of twins separated at birth. Professor Bouchard of the University of Minnesota reports that so far, exhaustive psychological tests and questionnaires have been completed with approximately 50 pairs of identical twins reared apart, 25 pairs of fraternal twins reared apart, and comparison groups of twins reared together. Studies show that twins rend to have similar mannerisms, gestures, speed and tempo in talking, habits and jokes. Many of the twins dressed in similar fashion. One pair had practically the same items in the toilet cases, including the same brand of cologne and a Swedish brand of toothpaste. Twins also tend to have similar hobbies and interests—a male pair had similar workshops in their basements and a female pair had strikingly similar kitchen arrangements. Bouchard doesn’t have enough information on abnormal behavior or psychopathology to make generalizations, but he has found repeated similarities. One pair of women were both very superstitious; another pair would burst into tears at the drop of a hat, and questioning revealed that both had done so since childhood. Overall the emerging findings of the study constitute a powerful rebuttal to those who maintain that environmental influences are primary shaping forces of personality. The textbooks are going to have to be rewritten, Bouchard predicts.

71． According to the passage, twins tend to have similar behavior______. A．because they share the same experiences B．because they have the same parents

C．if they are not reared together

D．no matter whether they are reared together or not

正确答案：D

解析：细节题。通过similar behavior回到原文定位到第一段最后一句，可知50对双胞胎，无论何种方式抚养，他们常常都有相似的行为举止。因此本题正确答案为D。

72． In Bouchard’s research, ______.

A．twins reared apart are studied but those reared together are not

B．twins reared apart are studied in comparison with those reared together

C．identical twins reared apart are studied in comparison with fraternal twins reared apart

D．identical twins reared apart are studied in comparison with fraternal twins reared together.

正确答案：B

解析：细节额。定位到第二段“approximately 50 pairs of identical twins reared apart，25pairs of fraternal twins reared apart，and comparison groups of twins reared together”可知，本题正确答案为B。

73． It can be inferred from the passage that______.

A．identical twins have the same parents while fraternal twins do not B．identical twins are of the same sex while fraternal twins are not

C．there are a few differences between identical twins and fraternal twins in terms of behavior

D．twins have many similarities between twins in behavior no matter whether they are identical or fraternal

正确答案：D

解析：推理题。从第二段的最后一句可知，无论是identical还是fraternal的双胞胎，他们的行为举止、兴趣爱好等等都趋于相同。

74． It can be inferred from the passage that______.

A．twins have many similarities because they inherited them from their parents B．twins tend to be more superstitious than other people

C．twins reared apart tend to have similar mannerisms because they have the same education

D．twins have many similarities because of the genes they inherit from their parents

正确答案：D

解析：推理题。文章首句就告知我们基因对行为的影响可不是一般地深远。全文用了双胞胎无论何种抚养方式，都趋向有相同的行为举止来证明具有相同基

因是这种现象的深层原因。因此本题正确答案为D。

75． Professor Bouchard seems to be convinced that______. A．the existing theories about the shaping of personality are valid B．the text books should be rewritten because they are out of date

C．one’s environment is more important than his genes in the shaping of his personality

D．one’s genes are more important than his environment in the shaping of his personality

正确答案：D

解析：细节题。从最后一段可知，Bouchard认为教科书应该改写并非是因为其过时了，而是他所发现的结果对那些认为环境比基因更重要的理论是一个有力的驳斥，即他认为基因在形成个性的过程中，远比环境重要。因此本题正确答案为D。

English-Chinese Translation

76． There is a theory among Occidentals that the Chinaman is inscrutable, full of secret thoughts, and impossible for us to understand. It may be that a greater experience of China would have brought me to share this opinion; but I could see nothing to support it during the time when I was working in that country. One of the most remarkable things about the Chinese is their power of securing the affection of foreigners. Almost all Europeans like China, both those who come only as tourists and those who live there for many years. In spite of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, I can recall hardly a single Englishman in the Far East who liked the Japanese as well as the Chinese. Those who have lived long among them tend to acquire their outlook and their standards. New arrivals are struck by obvious evils: the beggars, the terrible poverty, the prevalence of disease, the anarchy and corruption in politics. Every energetic Westerner feels at first a strong desire to reform these evils, and of course they ought to be reformed.

正确答案： 西方人中间有一种论调：中国人不可思议，满脑子的神秘思想，我们难以理解。如果到中国去长期生活体验一下，可能也会使我抱这样的观点。但是，依我在那个国家讲学期间的所见所闻，并没有发现有任何迹象可以证明这种论点是正确的。 中国人最博得人们赞赏的品质之一，是他们把握外国人感情的能力。不论是到中国去旅游的，还是多年居住在那儿的，几乎所有的外国人都喜爱中国人。尽管英日两国结成联盟，但是我想不起哪一个孤身在远东的英国人，会像喜爱中国人那样喜爱日本人。只有那些在他们中间长期生活的人，才能获得自己的看法和标准。初来乍到中国，一定对那里显而易见的弊端感到震惊：乞丐成群，贫穷惊人，疾病横行，社会混乱，政治腐败。每个有正义感的西方人，无不首先强烈地期待中国人能革除这些弊端。中国理所当然地应进行改革。

Chinese-English Translation

77． 明朝有一位伟大的地理学家叫徐霞客。徐霞客从小喜欢阅读历史、地理、探险、游记一类书籍，长大以后，他决心毕业从事旅行事业，去探寻祖国美好河山的奥秘。在母亲的支持下，徐霞客22岁那年，踏上了游客的探险生活。 徐霞客一生周游考察了十六个省，足迹几乎遍及全国。他认真考察了各地的气候、地形和植物生长的情况，留下了中国古代最详细的气象观测记录。后来，他的日记手稿后来被整理成了《徐霞客游记》。这不仅是一本自然地理的百科全书和导游指南，还是一部明代末年普通百姓生活的生动的历史实录。

正确答案： There was a great geologist named Xu Xiake in Ming Dynasty. He was so fond of reading history, geology, adventure and travelogue that he was determined to embark on career of traveling after growing up to explore mystery of beautiful native natural scenery . With his mother’s support, Xu stepped out on his adventure at the year of 22. Xu Xiake traveled around 16 provinces, covering nearly the whole China. He carefully studied climates, topographical features and plant life of different places, leaving the most exhaustive meteorological observation record in ancient China. Later, his handwritten diaries were made into “ The Travelogue of Xu Xiake” , which is not only a geological and natural encyclopedia and travelling guide, but a vivid historical record of common people life in later Ming Dynasty.

Writing

78． Please write an argumentation based on the following topic and elaborate your point of view in about 200 words. Remember to write your composition neatly and clearly on ANSWER SHEET II. Some people are worried that globalization is not good because it actually means Americanization. Other people think that we can all benefit from this process. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

正确答案： Globalization Doesn’t Equal to Americanism If we talk about globalization ten years ago, probably it is not so popular as to be taken as a big issue. But now if someone say globalization can be avoided in this or that method, you will be laughed by a lot. It is the contrary case for the term Americanization, which was thought to have “ prehistoric power “to influence the whole world including China, while today it is treated calmly by most of us. For me, I don’t think globalization equals to Americanism. To equal globalization to Americanism is inevitable at certain historical period under the complex dynamic factors interaction including politics, economy, technology and culture. The US ranked the top in various aspects. Some people were worried that globalization is not good because it actually means Americanization, which had some reasons in it. But with the development of technology and economy of China, the phenomenon has an essential turn over. To take Olympics as an example, the powers of sports decentralize from the previous hegemony Americanism, which suggests that more and more countries have a say in

the world affairs directly or indirectly. So, it is outdated to say globalization equals to Americanism. On the contrary, we should learn much in this process. This is my opinion and the reason why I am for this.