大学物理仿真实验——霍尔效应

well, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thepositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be仿真实验------

霍尔效应

实验人：代梦妮

一、实验目的：

（1）霍尔效应原理及霍尔元件有关参数的含义和作用

（2）测绘霍尔元件的VH—Is，VH—IM曲线，了解霍尔电势差VH与霍尔元件工作电流Is，磁场应强度B及励磁电流IM之间的关系。

（3）学习利用霍尔效应测量磁感应强度B及磁场分布。 （4）学习用“对称交换测量法”消除负效应产生的系统误差。

二、实验原理

霍尔效应从本质上讲，是运动的带电粒子在磁场中受洛仑兹力的作用而引起的偏转。当带电粒子（电子或空穴）被约束在固体材料中，这种偏转就导致在垂直电流和磁场的方向上产生正负电荷在不同侧的聚积，从而形成附加的横向电场。如下图(1)所示，磁场B位于Z的正向，与之垂直的半导体薄片上沿X正向通以电流Is（称为工作电流），假设载流子为电子（N型半导体材料），它沿着与电流Is相反的X负向运动。由于洛仑兹力f L作用，电子即向图中虚线箭头所指的位于y轴负方向的B侧偏转，并使B侧形成电子积累，而相对的A侧形成正电荷积累。与此同时运动的电子还受到由于两种积累的异种电荷形成的反向电场力 f E的作用。随着电荷积累的增加，f E增大，当两力大小相等（方向相反）时， f L=－f E，则电子积累便达到动态平衡。这时在A、B两端面之间建立的电场称为霍尔电场EH，相应的电势差称为霍尔电势VH 。设电子按平均速度V，向图示的X负方向运动，在磁场B作用下，所受洛仑兹力为：

f L=－eVB

式中：e 为电子电量，V为电子漂移平均速度，B为磁感应强度。 同时，电场作用于电子的力为： f EeEHeVHl

eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is n official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progrss, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thepositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be

图(1) 霍尔效应原理

式中：EH为霍尔电场强度，VH为霍尔电势，l为霍尔元件宽度 当达到动态平衡时:

f L=－f E

VB=VH/l (1)

设霍尔元件宽度为l，厚度为d ，载流子浓度为 n ，则霍尔元件的工作电流为

IsneVld (2)

由(1)、(2)两式可得：

VHEHl1IsBIsBRHnedd (3)

即霍尔电压VH (A、B间电压)与Is、B的乘积成正比，与霍尔元件的厚度成反比，比例系数RH1/(ne)称为霍尔系数，它是反映材料霍尔效应强弱的重要参数，只要测出VH（伏），以及

Is（安），B（高斯）和d（厘米）可按下式计算RH（厘米3/库仑）。实

验计算时，采用以下公式：

RH8

VHd108IsB (4)

上式中10是单位换算而引入。根据RH可进一步求载流子浓度：

eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thepositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never ben

1RHe (5)

应该指出，这个关系式是假定所以的载流子都具有相同的漂移速度得到的，严格一点，考虑载流子的速度统计分布，需引入修正因子3/8。 所以实际计算公式为：

n

318RHe (6)

根据材料的电导率ne的关系，还可以得到：

RH/p或

RH (7)

式中：为载流子的迁移率，即单位电场下载流子的运动速度，一般电子迁移率大于空穴迁移率，因此制作霍尔元件时大多采用N型半导体材料。

当霍尔元件的材料和厚度确定时，设：

KHRHd (8)

将式（8）代入式（3）中得：

VHKHIsB (9)

式中：KH称为元件的灵敏度，它表示霍尔元件在单位磁感应强度和单位控制电流下的霍尔电势大小，其单位是mV/mAT，

一般要求KH愈大愈好。由于金属的电子浓

度n很高，所以它的RH或KH，都不大，因此不适宜作霍尔元件。此外元件厚度d愈薄，KH愈高，所以制作时，往往采用减少d的办法来增加灵敏度，但不能认为d愈薄愈好，因为此时元件的输入和输出电阻将会增加，这对霍尔元件是不希望的。

应当注意：当磁感应强度B和元件平面法线成一角度时（如图2），作用在元件上的有效磁场是其法线方向上的分量Bcos，此时：

VHKHIsBcos (10)

所以一般在使用时应调整元件两平面方位，使VH达到最大，即：0

eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must contnue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progrss, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thepositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never beVHKHIsB

由式（10）可知，当工作电流Is或磁感应强度B，两者之一改变方向时，霍尔电势

VH方向随之改变；若两者方向同时改变，则霍尔电势不变。霍尔元件测量磁场的基本电路

如图(3)，将霍尔元件置于待测磁场的相应位置，并使元件平面与磁感应强度B垂直，在其控制端输入恒定的工作电流Is，霍尔元件的霍尔电势输出端接毫伏表，测量霍尔电势

VH的值，就可以计算磁感应强度B。

图(2) 磁感应强度B和元件 图(3) 霍尔元件测量磁场的基本电路

平面法线成一角度 测量霍尔电势VH时，不可避免的会产生一些副效应，由此而产生的附加电势叠加在霍尔电势上，形成测量系统误差，这些副效应有： （1）不等位电势V0

由于制作时，两个霍尔电势既不可能绝对对称的焊在霍尔片两侧、霍尔片电阻率不均匀、控制电流极的端面接触不良都可能造成A、B两极不处在同一等位面上，此时虽未加磁场，但A、B间存在电势差V0，此称不等位电势。 （2）爱廷豪森效应

当元件X方向通以工作电流Is，Z方向加磁场B时，由于霍尔片内的载流子速度服从统计分布，有快有慢。在到达动态平衡时，在磁场的作用下慢速快速的载流子将在洛仑兹力和霍耳电场的共同作用下，沿y轴分别向相反的两侧偏转，这些载流子的动能将转化为热能，使两侧的温升不同，因而造成y方向上的两侧的温差（TA－TB）。因为霍尔电极和元件两者材料不同，电极和元件之间形成温差电偶，这一温差在A、B间产生温差电动势VE。这一效应称爱廷豪森效应，VE的大小与正负符号与Is、B的大小和方向有关，跟VH与Is、B的关系相同，所以不能在测量中消除。 （3）伦斯脱效应

由于控制电流的两个电极与霍尔元件的接触电阻不同，控制电流在两电极处将产生不同的焦耳热，引起两电极间的温差电动势，此电动势又产生温差电流（称为热电流）Q，

eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thepositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be热电流在磁场作用下将发生偏转，结果在y方向上产生附加的电势差VH，且VH∝QB这一效应称为伦斯脱效应，由上式可知VH的符号只与B的方向有关。 （4）里纪－杜勒克效应

如（3）所述霍尔元件在x方向有温度梯度，引起载流子沿梯度方向扩散而有热电流Q通过元件，在此过程中载流子受Z方向的磁场B作用下，在y方向引起类似爱廷豪森效应的温差TA－TB，由此产生的电势差VH∝QB，其符号与B的方向有关，与Is的方向无关。

三、实验仪器

仪器背部为220V交流电源插座。 仪器面板为三大部分

1、励磁电流IM输出：前面板右侧、三位半数显显示输出电流值IM（A）。 2、霍尔片工作电流IS输出：前面板左侧、三位半数显显示输出电流值IS（mA）。 （以上两组直流恒源只能在规定的负载范围内恒流，与之配套的“测试架”上的负载符合要求。若要作它用时需注意。）

3、霍尔电压VH输入：前面板中部三位半数显表显示输入电压值VH（mV），使用前将两输出端接线柱短路，用调零旋钮调零。

4、三档换向开关分别对励磁电流IM，工作电流IS、霍尔电势VH进行正反向换向控制。

四、实验步骤

1．对称测量法

由于产生霍尔效应的同时，伴随多种副效应，以致实测的AB间电压不等于真实的VH

值，因此必需设法消除。根据副效应产生的机理，采用电流和磁场换向的对称测量法基本上能把副效应的影响从测量结果中消除。具体的做法是Is和B（即IM）的大小不变，并在设定电流和磁场的正反方向后，依次测量由下面四组不同方向的Is和B（即IM）时的V1，V2，V3，V4，

1）+Is +B V1 2）+Is -B V2 3）-Is -B V3 4）-Is +B V4

然后求它们的代数平均值，可得：

VHV1V2V3V44

通过对称测量法求得的VH误差很小

eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must contnue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progrss, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thepositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be2．按仪器面板上的文字和符号提示将DH4512实验仪与DH4512测试仪正确连接。

1）将DH4512霍尔效应测试仪面板右下方的励磁电流IM的直流恒流输出端（0～0.500A），接DH4512霍尔效应实验仪上的励磁线圈电流IM的输入端（将红接线柱与红接线柱对应相连，黑接线柱与黑接线柱对应相连）。

2） 将DH4512霍尔效应测试仪面板左下方供给霍尔元件工作电流IS的直流恒流源（0～5mA）输出端，接DH4512霍尔效应实验仪上霍尔片工作电流IS输入端（将红接线柱与红接线柱对应相连，黑接线柱与黑接线柱对应相连）。

3）DH4512霍尔效应实验仪上霍尔元件的霍尔电压VH输出端，接DH4512霍尔效应测试仪中部下方的霍尔电压输入端。

3．测量霍尔电压VH与工作电流Is的关系

1）先将Is，IM都调零，调节中间的霍尔电压表，使其显示为0mV。

2）将霍尔元件移至线圈中心，调节IM =500mA，调节Is =1.00mA,按表中Is，IM正负情况切换方向，分别测量霍尔电压VH值（V1，V2，V3，V4）填入表中。以后Is每次递增0.50mA，测量各V1，V2，V3，V4值。绘出Is—VH曲线，验证线性关系。 4．测量霍尔电压VH与励磁电流IM的关系 1）先将Is调节至3.00mA，

2）调节IM=100、150、200……500mA(间隔为50mA),分别测量霍尔电压VH值填入表中

的值。

3）根据表中所测得的数据，绘出IM—VH曲线，验证线性关系的范围。

eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thepositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be 5．测量线圈中磁感应强度B的分布

1）先将IM，Is调零，调节中间的霍尔电压表，使其显示为0mV。

2）将霍尔元件置于线圈中心，调节IM＝500mA，调节IS＝3.00mA，测量相应的VH。 3）将霍尔元件从中心向边缘移动每隔5mm选一个点测出相应的VH，填入表中。

4）由以上所测VH值，由公式：

VHKIVH＝KHISB B＝HS

计算出各点的磁感应强度。

五、注意事项

1、霍尔电势VH测量的条件是霍尔元件平面与磁感应强度B垂直，此时VH取得最大值，仪器在组装时已调整好，为防止搬运，移动中发生的位移，实验前应将霍尔元件传感器盒移至线圈中心，使其在IM、IS相同时，达到输出VH最大

2、为了不使通电线圈过热而受到损害，或影响测量精度，除在短时间内读取有关数据，通过励磁电流IM外，其余时间最好断开励磁电流开关。

六、实验结果

保持Is=4.50mA不变，测绘Vh-Im曲线

测量当Is正（反）向时，Im正向和反向时Vh的值，如下表：

调节励磁电流IS /mA IS正向 B反向 VH /mV 2.03 IS反向 B反向 VH /mV 1.48 绝对值平均值VH /mV 1.76 3.22 3.51 5.01 5.30 6.79 7.08 8.57 8.87 10.33 10.63 12.14 12.44 13.95 14.25 15.74 16.04 B正向 VH/mV 3.79 5.59 7.38 9.17 10.93 12.74 -12.74 14.55 -14.54 16.34 -16.33 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 -12.14 0.40 -13.95 0.45 -15.74 B正向 VH /mV -1.48 -3.22 -5.01 -6.79 -8.57 -10.33 -2.03 -3.79 -5.59 -7.38 -9.17 -10.92

eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must contnue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progrss, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thepositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be

eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thepositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be

物理仿真实验

------ 霍尔效应

代梦妮

医电11

eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must contnue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitality