语言学复习提纲

Understanding linguistic terms

1. Blending; Acronym， back-formation

2. sociolinguistics speech community, speech variety, regional dialect, sociolect, idiolect, ethnic dialect, register, standard dialect, pidgin and creole, bilingualism and diglossia 3.

Sapir-Whorf

hypothesis,

intercultural

communication

4. language acquisition, CPH (Critical Period Hypothesis); N. Chomsky’s LAD; Telegraphic speech

5. learning strategies; interlanguage; comprehensible input; language aptitude; motivation; language transfer; cross-association; contrastive analysis; SLA(second language acquisition)

6. Neurolinguistics; cerebral Cortex; Broca’s Aphasia; Spoonerism, priming experiment; syntactic parser garden path sentence; psycholinguistics

Question Answering

1. What are the major causes of language change? 2. Give examples to show vocabulary change.

3. Give at least three examples to show the influence of American English on British English.

4. What are the three major theories of child language acquisition?

5. Give brief account of the important role that linguistic environment plays in child language development.

6. What is the role of native language in second or foreign language learning? 7. What are the individual differences in second or foreign language acquisition? 8. Describe Levelt’s speech production model in your own words. 9. What are the major psycholinguistics methods? 10. Describe the major symptoms of Broca’s aphasia.

11. what is the significance of cultural teaching and learning?

Part I. Blank Filling ( 20 x 1.5 30 marks)

Directions: Complete the flowing statements concerning some basic linguistic concepts. 1. According to Chomsky, when we determine a word’s category, three criteria are usually employed, namely ____________, inflection and ____________.

2. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a ____________ study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a ____________ study. In modern linguistics, the former approach seems to enjoy priority over the latter..

3. According to Paul Grice’s Cooperative Principle, there are four maxims in natural conversation, including the maxim of ____________, the maxim of quality, the maxim of ___________ and the maxim of manner.

4. The syntactic category of the specifier differs depending on the category of the head. Determiners serve as the specifiers of Ns while __________ typically function

as the specifiers of Vs and degree words as the specifiers of As and sometimes __________ .

5. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal ____________ ____________ .

6. N. Chomsky, the American linguist, proposed

the

distinction

between

____________ and ____________, the former is defined as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and the latter defined as the actual realization

of

his

knowledge

in

linguistic communication

7. According to the American linguist Charles Hockett, human language differs from any animal system of communication in that it has its design features, such as arbitrariness, ____________.

8. Sentence can be defined as a sequence of

productivity,

____________, displacement and cultural

used

for

human

words arranged in a certain ____________ in

accordance

with

a

certain

_____________ rules.

9. Phonetics is defined as the study of the____________ medium of language; it is concerned with all the _____________ that occur in the world’s languages. 10. In the study of semantics, sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the ____________ of the linguistic form;

it

is

____________

and

de-contextualized.

Part II. True or False ( 10 x 1 = 10 marks)

Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).

1. According to transformational syntax, the phrase “talk about” has two elements, of which the V “talk” belongs to major lexical category and the P “about” belongs to minor lexical category. ( )

2. According to lexical sense relations, the

words ‘give’ and ‘take’ are complementary antonyms. ( ) 3. Semantically, the sentence “My

unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.” ( )

4. Concerning the sense relation, the word “table” is the hyponym of the word “furniture”. ( )

5. According to John Searle, threatening, like “Your money or your life!” belongs to directive. （ ）

6. According to the morphology, the word

“disagreement”

contains

three

morphemes: dis + agree + ment, among which the morpheme “agree” belongs to free morpheme and “dis, ment” are bound morphemes. ( )

7. A phonological feature of the English

compounds is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element, and

is

a

contradiction.

the second element receives secondary stress,

such

as

greenhouse, hotdog.( )

8. According to the sense relations between

sentences, the sentence “He has been to Hungary” is an entailment of the sentence “ He has been to Europe.” ( ) 9.

Modern

linguistics

is

mostly

prescriptive rather than descriptive. ( )

10. In terms of place of articulation, the

English consonants [p] and [b] belong to bilabial while [f] and [v] are labiodental. ( )

Part III. Understanding of Linguistic Terms ( 4 x 5 = 20 marks) Directions: Please give a brief explanation of the following linguistic terms.

1. Pragmatics

2. Phoneme

3. Polysemy

4. Syntactic category

Part VI. Question Answering

Directions: Please answer the following questions briefly.

1. The XP rule is usually described as:

XP (specifier) X (complement*)

Please explain the above rule in simple English. (10 points)

2. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? (15 points)

3. Smith said to his classmate:

“John, you have been keeping my notes for a whole week now.”

According to Austin’s speech act theory, explain

the

three

acts

(locutionary,

illocutionary, and perlocutionary) that Smith is possibly performing while making the above utterance? (15 points)

Key to the Test A

Part I Blanking filling:

1. symbols communication 2. competence performance 3. duality transmission 4. speech sounds 5. meaning distribution 6. synchronic diachronic 7. quantity relation

8. order gramatical 9. qualifiers Ps

10. features abstract

Part II True or False

1. F 2. F 3. T. 4. T 5. T. 6. T. 7. T 8. F 9. F 10 T

Part III Understanding of linguistic terms

1. Pragmatics: a general definition is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying and understanding meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study. Including deixis, speech acts, indirect language, conversation, politeness, cross-cultural communication, and presupposition.

2. Phoneme: A phoneme is a phonological unit. It is a abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.

3. Polysemy: While different words may have the same or similar meaning , the same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such word is called a polysemic word.

4. Syntactic category: Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. A fundamental fact about words in all human languages is that they can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic category..

Part VI Question answering:

1. The XP rule is usually described as:

XP (specifier) X (complement*)

Please explain the above rule in simple English. (10 points)

X stands for a head, i.e. any major word-level category, such as N, V, A and P.

The arrow means “ consists of” or “branches into”.

The parentheses ( ) mean the element in them can be omitted and the asterisk * indicates that one or more category can occur. The rule can be described as follows: Any phrase consists of a head and maybe a specifier on the left side of the head, and maybe one or more complement on the right side of the head.

2. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? (15 points)

Naming theory; Representative: Plato; Major opinion: Words are just names and labels

for things.

The conceptualist view; Representative: Ogden and Richards; the concept is the meaning of the word.

Contexualism; Representative: J.R. Firth; the meaning of a word is determined by its use in the context, including situational context and linguistic context.

Behaviorism; Representative: Bloomfield; the meaning consists in the relation between speech and the practical events. 3. Smith said to his classmate:

“John, you have been keeping my notes for a whole week now.”

According to Austin’s speech act theory, explain

the

three

acts

(locutionary,

illocutionary, and perlocutionary) that Smith is possibly performing while making the above utterance? (15 points) (omitted)

Part I. Blank Filling ( 20 x 1.5 30 marks)

Directions: Complete the flowing statements concerning some basic linguistic concepts. 11. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of ____________. It is scientific because it is based on the systematic

_________________

of

linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.

12. The Swiss linguist, F. de Saussure, made the distinction between langue and parole, the former refers to the __________ linguistic system sheared by all the members of a speech community, while the latter refers to the realization of langue in actual __________.

13. According to the American linguist Charles Hockett, human language differs from any animal system of communication in that it has its design features, of which

displacement is one, which means language can be used to refer to __________ removed from the immediate situations of the __________.

14. An initial classification in phonetics will divide the ____________ sounds in English into two broad categories: ____________ and consonants.

15. According to Chomsky, when we determine a word’s category, three criteria are usually employed, namely ____________, inflection and ____________.

16. The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the ____________ and the __________.

17. According to Paul Grice, in making conversation the participants must first of all be willing to ___________; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the ___________.

18. A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of ___________ value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound , but rather it is represented or realized by a certain __________ in a certain phonetic context.

19. According to transformational syntax, phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain three elements. The word around which a phrase is formed is termed head. The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as ___________________. The words on the right

side

of

the

heads

are

________________.

20. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the ____________ of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world; it deals with the

relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of __________.

Part II. True or False ( 10 x 1 = 10 marks)

Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).

1. According to transformational syntax, prepositions like “near” or “about” belong to minor lexical category. ( ) 2. The words ‘male’ and ‘female’ are complementary antonyms. ( ) 3. The sentence “The table has bad

intentions.” is semantically anomalous. ( )

4. Concerning the sense relation, the word “rose” is the hyponym of the word “flower”. ( )

5. According to John Searle, promising, like “I’ll bring you the book tomorrow without fail.” belongs to commissive. （ ）

6. According to the morphology, the word

“undesirable” contains four morphemes: un + desire + able + ity, among which the morpheme “desire” belongs to free morpheme and “un, able, ity” are bound morphemes. ( )

7. The description of a language at some

point of time in history is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, a diachronic approach seems to enjoy priority

over

a

synchronic

one.( )

8. According to the sense relations between

sentences, the sentence “John’s computer needs repairing” is an entailment of the sentence “ John has a computer.” ( )

9. According to G. Leech’s predication

analysis, the sentence, “Henry sent Mary an e-mail” is a two-place prediction containing two arguments.

( )

10. In terms of manner of articulation, the

English consonants [p] and [t] belong to stops or plosives while [f] and [s] are fricatives. ( )

Part III. Understanding of Linguistic Terms ( 4 x 5 = 20 marks) Directions: Please give a brief explanation of the following linguistic terms.

5. Language

6. Phonology

7. Homonymy

8. Morphology

Part VI. Question Answering

Directions: Please answer the following questions briefly.

4. Use tree diagram to show the deep structure of the question “Will the train arrive on time?”. (10 points)

5. What is the difference between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? (15 points)

6. Prof. Smith said to his student:

“John, you have left the door wide open.” According to Austin’s speech act theory, explain

the

three

acts

(locutionary,

illocutionary, and perlocutionary) that Prof. Smith is possibly performing while making the above utterance? (15 points)

Key to the Test A

Part I Blanking filling:

1. language investigation 2. abstract use 3. contexts speaker 4. speech vowels 5. meaning distribution 6. speaker hearer 7. cooperate talk 8. distinctive phone

9. specifier complement 10. features experience

Part II True or False

1. F 2. T 3. T. 4. T 5. T. 6. T. 7. F 8. F 9. F 10 T

Part III Understanding of linguistic terms

5. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

6. phonology: Phonology is the scientific study of sound of language, which aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication

7. Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. Homonyms include homophones, homographs and complete homonyms.

8. Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.

Part VI Question answering:

1. Use tree diagram to show the deep structure of the question “Will the train arrive on time?”. (10 points) S

NP Infl VP

Det N V PP P N The train will arrive on time 2. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? (15 points)

Naming theory; Representative: Plato; Major opinion: Words are just names and labels

for things.

The conceptualist view; Representative: Ogden and Richards; the concept is the meaning of the word.

Contexualism; Representative: J.R. Firth; the meaning of a word is determined by its use in the context, including situational context and linguistic context.

Behaviorism; Representative: Bloomfield; the meaning consists in the relation between speech and the practical events.

3. Prof. Smith said to his student:

“John, you have left the door wide open.” According to Austin’s speech act theory, what are the three acts that Prof. Smith is possibly performing while making the above utterance? (15 points) (omitted)

Part I. Blank Filling ( 20 x 1.5= 30 marks)

Directions: Complete the flowing statements concerning some basic linguistic concepts. 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal _____________ ____________.

2. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form _____________ and how these sounds are used to convey _____________ communication.

3. Every word in a language is composed of one or more morphemes. There are ____________ morphemes and bound morphemes. And bound morpheme can be further classified into ________________ morphemes.

4. What essentially distinguishes semantics and

pragmatics

is

whether

the

______________ of use in the study of ___________________ is considered. 5. According to Austin’s speech act theory, a locutionary is the action of making the utterance, illocutionary refers to the

and

inflectional

in

linguistic

used

for

human

speaker’ _____________, while

perlocutionary is the __________________ of the utterance.

6. Sociolinguistics is the sub-field that studies

the

relation

between

and

__________________

____________________, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. 7. An American linguist Martin Joos distinguishes five stages of formality, namely,

intimate,

_______________,

consultative, ____________, and frozen. 8. Sapir and Whorf believe that language filters people’s perception and the way they

categorize

experiences.

This

interdependence of ___________________ and _____________________ is known as Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (SWH).

9. According to transformational syntax, phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain three elements. The

word around which a phrase is formed is termed head. The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as ___________________. The words on the right

side

of

the

heads

are

________________.

10. According to Halliday’s register theory, there are three social variables that

determine

the

register:

___________________ of discourse, tenor of discourse, and ________________ of discourse.

Part II. True or False ( 10 x 1 = 10 marks)

Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).

1. According to transformational syntax, preposition belongs to miner lexical category. ( )

2. “Rose” is a hyponym of “flower”. ( )

3. The sentence “The table has bad

intentions” is semantically anomalous.

( )

4. The meaning of an utterance is abstract, and decontextualized, while the meaning of

a

sentence

is

concrete

and

context-dependent. ( )

5. According to John Searle, threatening, like “Your money or your life!” belongs to directive. （ ）

6. The judgments concerning the correctness

and purity of linguistic varieties are social

rather

than

linguistic.

( )

7. Standard dialect is based on a selected

variety of the language, usually it is the local speech of an area which is considered the nation’s political and commercial center. ( ) 8. According to the sense relations between

sentences, the sentence “He has been to France” is an entailment of the sentence “ He has been to Europe.” ( ) 9.

Modern

linguistics

is

mostly

prescriptive. ( )

10. The details of any language system are

generally transmitted, and do not have to be taught and learned. ( )

Part III. Understanding of Linguistic Terms ( 4 x 5 = 20 marks) Directions: Please give a brief explanation of the following linguistic terms.

9. Sentence

10. Phoneme

11. Antonymy

12. Bilingualism

Part VI. Question Answering ( 4 x 10 = 40 Marks) Directions: Please answer the following questions briefly.

7. What is the scope of linguistics?

8. What are the major study of meaning?

views concerning the

9. How is language related to society?

4. Why is it necessary to learn culture learning a foreign language?

while

华北煤炭医学院2006～2007学年第1学期考试

试卷标准答案及评分标准

年级：04 专业：英语（本科）课程名称：语言学概论（A）卷 教研室主任签字： 系主任签字： 教务签字:

一、标准答案

Part I Blanking filling:

1. symbols communication 2. patterns meaning 3. free, derivational 4. context, meaning

5. intention, effect / consequence 6. language society 7. casual formal

8. language thought / thinking 9. modifiers complements 10. field mode Part II True or False

1. F 2. T 3. T. 4. F 5. T. 6. T. 7. T 8. F 9. F 10 F

Part III Understanding of linguistic terms

9. Sentence: Sentence is defined as a series of words that are arranged in a certain order according to certain grammatical rules.

10. Phoneme: is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented and realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.

11. Antonymy: The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning; words that are opposite in meaning are antonyms, including gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms and relational opposites.

12. Bilingualism: It has been observed that in come speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. This constitutes the situation of bilingualism. Part IV Question answering:

1. Within the area of linguistics: phonetics and phonology, morphology, semantics, pragmatics;

When linguistics is associated with other fields, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, applied linguistics.

2. The naming theory; the conceptualist view, contextualism and behaviorism. 3. Omitted 4. Omitted

二、评分标准

I． 填空题：

原则上每空只填一个词，所填词不一定是教材上的原词，只要意义正确及可给分；拼写错误，原则上不给分。 II． 正误判断：客观题 III． 名词解释：

重点从给出的要点和关键词来评判，决定加分或减分。

1、 key words: a series of words, certain order, grammatical rules

2、 key words: phonological unit, distinctive value, abstract, realized in phonetic context

3、 key points: oppositeness of meaning, gradual, complementary, relational, better with examples

4、 key points: two languages, speech group/community, play different roles, IV. 简答题：

第一、二题内容相对比较固定，答案要求抓住要点，并适当展开说明一下。

1、 Key points: phonetics and phonology, morphology, semantics, pragmatics; sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, applied linguistics etc., with proper extension and explanation

2、 Key points: naming theory; the conceptualist view, contextualism and behaviorism, with proper extension and explanation

第三、四题灵活性很大，学生可根据所学知识以及个人的经验和理解来答