语言学复习提纲

IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.

1. affix p37

2. affricate

3. applied linguistics

4. articulatory phonetics

5. aspiration

6. back-formation

7. blending

8. bound morpheme

9. broad transcription

10. complementary distribution 1第1页（共 页）

11. componential analysis

12. context

13. Conversational implicature

14. deep structure

15. duality

16. free morpheme

17. homonymy

18. idiolect

19. illocutionary act

20. indirect speech act

21. inflection

22. linguistic sexism

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23. morpheme

24. Move α

25. narrow transcription

26. perlocutionary act

27. phatic communion

28. phoneme

29. phonology

30. pidgin

31. predication

32. presupposition

33. register

34. relational opposites

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35. speech community

36. supresegmental features

37. tone

38. trace

39. utterance

40. voiceless

VI. Answer the following questions.

1. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance

2. Comment with at least three examples on the following statement:”There is undoubtedly no single cause of language change.”

3. Do you think that the pictographic characters in Chinese such as 人、日、火 contradict with one of the design features of language —— arbitrariness Why or why not

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4. Explain what is sense and what is reference with examples

5. Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related

6. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing

7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study

8. How is language related to society

9. How is Saussure`s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky`s distinction between competence and performance

10. How is utterance meaning different from sentence meaning

11. What are derivational affixes and inflectional affixes Give examples to show their different functions.

12. What are the four major views concerning the study of meaning

13. What are the four maxims of the CP Try to give your examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to particularized conversational implicatue.

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14. What are the major branches of linguistics What does each of them study

15. What are the three branches of phonetics How do they contribute to the study of speech sounds

16. What contribution did Saussure make to modern linguistics

17. What is blending, abbreviation and back formation

18. What is entailment and what is presupposition Give examples to illustrate

19. What is the difference between competence and performance, according to Noam Chomsky

20. What is the difference between Sense and Reference in semantic study Explain with examples

21. What is the difference between sentence meaning and utterance meaning

22. What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar

23. Why is language defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication

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24. Why is syntax regarded as a system of rules

25. Why is the word order in Modern English more rigid than that in Old English

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