Directions: Write a composition about What Would Happen If There Were No power in three paragraphs, you are given the first sentence or part of the first sentence of each paragraph: 1Ever since early this century, electricity has become an essential part of our modern life. 2If there were no electric power,... 3Therefore,...
What Would Happen If There Were No Power
Ever since early this century, electricity has become an essential part of our modern life. It has played a decisive role in the modern world. Everybody admits that development of our civilization depends on electricity.
If there were no electricity power, our modern world would be in trouble. For instance, all the wheel would stop because without the power the machine would cease working. And all the electrical equipment life would be impossible and in a great mass without electricity.
Therefore, we should make better use of elective power. On the other hand, we should educate people to economize on electricity and not to waste energy resources. At the same time we must do our best to exploit more electric resources to meet the requirements of human beings.
第一段的段首句是讲电已经成为人们现代生活中必不可少的部分，因而接下来的续写部分应强调它的重要性。第二段的段首句提出如果没有电的假设，下面列出没有电将会出现的麻烦。最后一段指出我们应该节约用电，开拓更多的电力资源。
四级提纲式作文的写作要领及范文 提纲式作文的类型 提纲式作文有两种：
（1）给出英文题目、中文提纲
提纲式作文多以英文给出题目、以中文给出提纲，有时提纲中还有提示。如1996年6月的四级作文题：
Global Shortage of Fresh Water
1. 人们认为淡水是取之不尽的。（提示：雨水、河水、井水??）
2. 实际上淡水是非常紧缺的。（提示：人口增加、工业用水增加、污染??） 3. 我们应该怎么办？ （2）给出英文题目和提纲
1
提纲式作文有时也以英文给出题目和提纲，如下面的作文题： Electronic Dictionaries
1. Advantages of electronic dictionaries 2. Disadvantages of electronic dictionaries 3. My opinion
一、四级作文试题分析：
一)、题材：四级作文的题材可分为两大类：贴近大学生的学习和课余生活的校园题材；有关社会变化，发展和进步的热点话题。
二)、体裁：四级作文共有四种体裁：议论文，说明性议论文，叙事性议论文和应用文。其中，说明性议论文的比重最大。
三)、命题形式：a、提纲式命题作文；b、提纲式图表作文；2002.6 c、情景提纲式命题作文。2001.6\\2002.1\\ 2004.1\\ 2004.6 \\2005.6; d.首句式命题作文；e.应用文 二、四级作文的试题类型：
一）、现象解释型（比较常见）：命题主要要求考生对某一社会现象进行解释，并加以评论。结论为：首先说明现状，其次阐述这种现状产生或存在的原因。最后做出结论或提出建议：（2002.6）Student Use of Computers hours/week
20151050199019952000year
1）、上图所示为1990、1995、2000年某高校大学生使用计算机的情况，清描述其变化。 2）、请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从用途，价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）. 3)、你认为目前大学生在使用计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。 范文：
2
Students tend to use computers more and more nowadays. Reading this chart, we can find that the average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week has increased sharply. In 1990, it was less than 2 hours; and in 1995, it increased to almost 4 hours; while in 2000, the number soared to 20 hours.
Obviously computers are becoming more and more popular. There are several reasons for this. First, computers facilitate us in more aspects of life. Also, the fast development of the Internet enlarges our demands for using computers. We can easily contact with friends in remote places through the Internet. Besides, the prices of computers are getting lower and lower, which enables more students to purchase them.
Along with the time spent on computers, there arise some problems. The most serious one is that many students are spending so much time playing PC games so that they ignore their studies. It is urgent to let the students use computers in a proper way.
值得注意的是，现象解释型作文又多了一类叙事类文章，与以往的不同，命题要求对某一事件(即你所看到的现象)记叙再加以评论。（2003.6）
假设你在某日某时某地目击一起车祸，就此写一份见证书，须包括：
1) 车祸发生的时间及地点； 2) 你所见到的车祸情景； 3) 你对车祸原因的分析。
范文：
My name is Liming. I am studying at college. A week ago I saw a traffic accident , which is still vivid in my mind.
It was at about 9:00 on Saturday morning, June 15th, when I went out of the university to visit a friend of mine at another university. I was walking leisurely on the sidewalk when I heard a loud crash of two vehicles just at the T-junction about 10 meters away. Two taxis crashed together. It was a traffic accident.
I went up and found that the two taxis were badly damaged. Both hoofs were out of shape. One door of a car was knocked off and lying on the road. One driver was blooding and another was shut in the taxi. Some people were trying to help the driver get out of the damaged car. One man was calling to the traffic policeman station. A lot of cars were jammed on the road. From the stopping track on the road, it is clear that the two taxis were driving too fast. But it is just one of the reasons. In my opinion, the taxi drivers are eager to take more passengers and make a little more money. On the other hand, both drivers don't show concern for one another. Both of them wanted to run in front of another. Therefore, the accident is inevitable. So far, we should let the drivers keep it in their mind that a little slower, a little safer. Taking care of other's lives means taking care of your own life.
二）对比选择型（最为常见）。作文题目比较明确，富有针对性，即直接要求考生比较两种观点或两种做法，进而表明自己对该问题或事务的态度或观点，也就是做出选择。（1999.6）
3
Read Selectively or Extensively 范文：
1)、有人认为读书要有选择；2）、有人认为应当博览群书； 3)、我的看法。
Reading Selectively or Extensively？
Some people think when we read we should read selectively. That is to say， we should select some books we are interested in and ignore the others. Reading selectively can help us concentrate our limited time and attention on those selected books.
Others think we should read extensively. No matter what kind of book it is， we should look it over. We should read various kinds of books， whether we are interested in them or not. They maintain that reading extensively can help to enlarge our view and grasp the general knowledge in different fields.
In my opinion， the two reading ways have their roles respectively in our reading. However， the disadvantages of each methods are easy to see. If we only read the books we select or prefer， the framework of our knowledge may not be complete. Our knowledge would be rather limited. And if we read without selection， we may not have so much time and energy to be specialized in one particular field. Therefore， the combination of the two methods is more reasonable.
三）问题解决型。比较问题要求考生从描述文字\\图画入手，解释试题文字\\图画反映出的问题，指出问题的危害性或解决这一问题的紧迫性，然后对问题展开分析，提出解决问题
（2001.1）How to succeed in a job Interview? 的方案或应对措施；最后一段要求考生表明自己对这一问题的态度`做法等。 1)、面试在求职过程中的作用
2）、取得面试成功的素质，仪表，举止谈吐，能力，专业知识，自信，实事求是„ 范文：
Nowadays, in an ever tighter job market, great importance has been attached to an interview by both the employer and the applicant. The interview, so to speak, has become indispensable for getting a satisfactory job. On the one hand, the interviewer can take advantage of the occasion to learn about the candidates, such as their work experiences, education and their personalities, so as to pick out the right person for the company. On the other hand, the interviewee can make use of
4
the opportunity to get to know the job he is going to take up, the salary, the working conditions and many other things about the job he is interested in.
Therefore, the job interview is very important to a job-hunter. But how can one succeed in it? Firstly of all, the interviewee must pay attention to his or her appearance. The first impression is always where we start. Get dressed properly and neatly. Secondly, good manners are equally important. Don‟t be too proud, and neither too timid. Just be courteous. Thirdly, the interviewee must demonstrate his aptitude and skills for the job and his knowledge about eh job-related areas. Be confident. Last but not the least, the interviewee ought to be honest about his or her personal as well as academic background, for honesty is the best policy.
To sum up, the job interview is indeed important, but there is no need to be nervous. As long as the interviewee has the ability for the job, with careful preparation and a fairly confident and honest performance, his or her success can be ensured.
四）观点论证型。要求考生根据题目的论点，按提纲的结构要求对其进行论证，然后表明自己的立场和看法。通过摆事实，讲道理的方式剖析事物，论述事理，发表意见，确立或否定某一主张。议论文的表达方式以议论为主，叙事说明为辅。一般具备论点，论据，和论证三大要素。（1999.1）
Don’t Hesitate to Say “No” 1)、别人请求帮助时，在什么情况下我们会说“不”。 2）、为什么有些人在该说“不”的时候不说“不”。 3)、该说“不”时不说“不”的坏处。 范文：
In our daily life, there are many occasions on which we should not hesitate to refuse when asked for help. For one thing, when it is beyond our ability, we should give a direct reply “no”. For another, we the thing we are asked for is unreasonable or even illegal, we should say “no” without hesitation.
However, it is not the case in our real life. Many people prefer to say “yes” when they should say “no”. Some are afraid to lose their face, since they think refusal means their inability. Some people are afraid to offend their acquaintances‟ face, such as their friends, relatives and so on.
5
In fact, doing so is quite harmful. If you agree to do the things beyond your ability, the result will only be worse. The other might as well have asked another person who can help. And if you agree to do the unreasonable or even the illegal favors, such as cheating in the exam, you are in fact not helping the other but hurting him. You yourself will get into trouble too.
五)应用文：书信，贺卡，导游词等。考生读到一个特定的情景，然后在理解的基础上，表达出来。
（2005.6）Teacher's Day 1、向老师表达节日祝贺
2、从一件小事来回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献 3、我如何回报老师的关爱 范文：
This is Teachers‟ Day and a time to be grateful to all teachers. This profession deserves the special recognition and respect. There is no more appropriate time than this to honour you and others in your chosen field. You have my eternal gratefulness. Have a happy Teachers‟ Day. The whole secret of the teacher‟s force lies in the conviction that men are convertible. Teacher, who educate children, deserve more honor than parents, who merely gave them birth; for the latter provided more life, while the former ensure a good life. What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soule.
My heartfelt thanks to you, dear teacher. On the voyage of life, you have kindled the light of hope for me. What you have done enriches my mind and broadens my view. On this day I honour you sincerely.No one deserves a bigger thank you than you. One day is hardly enough to show our gratitude.
（2005．1） A Campaign Speech 1 你认为自己具备是什么条件(能力，性格，爱好)可以胜任学生会主席工作， 2 如果当选你将会为本校同学做什么？
Today I am very glad to run for the president of the students„union. I am junior in Chemical Department. Since I came into the university, I have always been the monitor of my class. I have done a very good job for my classmates, and my classmates and my tacher all give me a good praise. I am good at communication and organizing. And I like to help others. Moreover, I have a variety of hobbies, for example, basketball, football, ping pong, etc. I am sure that I am qualified
6
for this position. If I become the president, I will try my best to do well. I will organize some suitable activities for you. I will do many things for you to reach your demands as well. I am sincerely hope you will give me a chance, and please believe me that I will be a good president. Thank you.
英文书信格式概述
1、信头（Heading）
指发信人的姓名（单位名称）、地址和日期，一般写在信纸的右上角。
英文地址的写法与中文完全不同，地址的名称按从小到大的顺序：第一行写门牌号码和街名；第二行写县、市、省、州、邮编、国名；然后再写日期。标点符号一般在每一行的末尾都不用，但在每一行的之间，该用的还要用，例如在写日期的时候。
日期的写法，如1997年7月30日，英文为：July 30，1997（最为普遍）； July 30th，1997；30th July，1997等。1997不可写成97。
2、信内地址（Inside Address） 在一般的社交信中，信内收信人的地址通常省略，但是在公务信函中不能。将收信人的姓名、地址等
写在信头日期下方的左角上，要求与对信头的要求一样，不必再写日期。
3、称呼（Salutation）
是写信人对收信人的称呼用语。位置在信内地址下方一、二行的地方，从该行的顶格写起，在称呼后面一般用逗号（英国式），也可以用冒号（美国式）。 （1）写给亲人、亲戚和关系密切的朋友时，用Dear或My dear再加上表示亲属关系的称呼或直称其名（这里指名字，不是姓氏）。例如：My dear father，Dear Tom等。 （2）写给公务上的信函用Dear Madam，Dear Sir或Gentleman（Gentlemen）。注意：Dear纯属公务上往来的客气形式。Gentlemen总是以复数形式出现，前不加Dear，是Dear Sir的复数形式。
（3）写给收信人的信，也可用头衔、职位、职称、学位等再加姓氏或姓氏和名字。例如：Dear Prof. Tim Scales, Dear Dr. John Smith。
假如你不知道收信人的姓名，可用Dear Sir(s), Dear Madam, Dear Sir or Madam. 假如你知道收信人的姓名，但他并非你的好友，可用Dear Mr. Smith, Dear Ms. Smith, Dear Dr.Smith, Dear Prof.Smith. 4、正文（Body of the Letter）
位置在下面称呼语隔一行，是信的核心部分。因此要求正文层次分明、简单易懂。和中文信不同的是，正文中一般不用Hello！（你好！） 正文有缩进式和齐头式两种。每段书信第一行的第一个字母稍微向右缩进些，通常以五个字母为宜，每段第二行从左面顶格写起，这就是缩进式。
但美国人写信各段落往往不用缩进式，用齐头式，即每一行都从左面顶格写起。商务信件大都采用齐头式的写法。
5、结束语（Complimentary Close）
在正文下面的一、二行处，从信纸的中间偏右处开始，第一个词开头要大写，句末用逗号。不同的对象，结束语的写法也不同。
（1）写给家人、亲戚，用Your loving grandfather，Lovingly yours，Lovingly,等； （2）写给熟人、朋友，用Yours cordially，Yours affectionately, Best regards, Best wish, Love等；
（3）写业务信函用Truely yours（Yours truely），Faithfully yours（Yours faithfully）等；
7
（4）对上级、长辈用Yours obediently（Obediently yours），Yours respectfully（Respectfully yours）等;
(5) 假如你知道收信人的姓名，但他并非你的好友，用Yours Sincerely。 6、签名（Signature）
低于结束语一至二行，从信纸中间偏右的地方开始，在结束语的正下方，在签完名字的下面还要有用打字机打出的名字，以便识别。职务、职称可打在名字的下面。当然，写给亲朋好友的信，就不必再打了。
（1）感谢信 常用句型
1．I am grateful／obliged to you for．．．我非常感谢你的……
2．I am greatly indebted to you for what you have done． 我为你所做的一切表示感激。 3．I am thankful／obliged to you for your unselfish assistance during… 感谢你在……期间给予我无私的帮助。
4．I deeply appreciate your courtesy and we hope to have the opportunity of rewarding your kindness．
我非常感谢你的好意，并希望有机会回报你。
5．I take this opportunity to express my deep appreciation of your kind help you rendered me． 我借此机会对你所给予我的帮助表示深深的感谢。
6. It was kind and generous of you to do this for me，and l appreciate it more than l can say． 你为我这样做真是太好了，我感激不尽。
7．My appreciate to you for your generous help is beyond my words．I wish I could repay it some day．
我无法用言语来表达对你的感激之情。但愿有朝一门能回报你的帮助。
8．Please accept my most cordial thanks for your timely help，which l will never forget． 请接受我诚挚的谢意，感谢你及时的帮助，我将难以忘怀。
9．Words fail me when I want to express my gratitude to you．感激之情难以言表。 10．Again，I would like to express our warm thanks to you．再次向你表示感谢。
范文：
July 7, 2008
Dear Prof. James,
As one of your students, I am writing to ask for your kind assistance. I wish to enroll in College of Computer at Oxford University, for which I am required to provide a letter of recommendation. As a senior professor in your field, one of my most respected college teachers and a person who knows me very well, you are the most suitable referee for me.
As you know, I have laid a solid foundation in computer science. I would be grateful if, in the letter, you would confirm that I have adequate qualifications to follow the course. Would you be so kind as to give a brief introduction to my academic performance during my undergraduate studies, especially that under your supervision? Besides, your personal opinion of me will carry special weight. I have to submit the letter next month. Thank you so much for your generous help in this matter. Yours sincerely, Henry Scott (二) 欢迎信 范文
Dear Xiao Wang,
Words failed me to express my excitement when I learned that you would like to spend your holiday together with me. It has been three years since we graduated from high school. I miss you so much that I even can't wait to see you. Now that it will be the first time you visit Beijing, I am sure that your journey will be exciting, rewarding and full of a lot of fun.
I've made a rough plan for this holiday as follows. On the first day you arrive here, I will show you around our new campus. Especially, I will take you to visit our newly-built modem library. During the second three days, we'd better go sightseeing around Beijing. We can visit some
8
famous scenic spots and historical sites, such as Summer Palace, the Forbidden City, the Great Wall, etc. On the fifth day, we can visit the Beijing Zoo, since you are quite interested in wild animals. The next day, we can do some shopping. There are many splendid markets and plazas in Beijing. On the last day, you can have a good rest before setting off. If there is anything inconvenient for you in this plan, please let me know immediately.
By the way, since lots of people will go traveling in this holiday, it must be crowded on the train. So you should take care of your luggage. Bring more clothes with you because Beijing is much colder than Kunming at this time. And don't forget to tell me when you will arrive so that I'll pick you up at the airport.
I am looking forward to your reply and wish you a god journey. Yours,
Zhang Ying
（三） 道歉信与解释信 写作策略
开头段：表明写作意图，对某事表示歉意。 主体段：说明道歉的具体原因。
结尾段：再次表明歉意，请求收信人的谅解，并表示你愿意为此做补救。 常用句型
1．I must apologize to you for... 我必须为……向你道歉。 2．I am terribly/awfully sorry that... 我感到很抱歉，因为……
3．It is thoughtless/inconsiderate of me to do... 我做……，实在太欠考虑了。
4．I am afraid what I have done has caused many inconveniences to you. 恐怕我给您添了许多麻烦。
5．I sincerely hope that you can understand that I offended you unintentionally. 我真心希望您能理解我并非有意冒犯你的。
6．I regret to inform you that I am unable to do... 我很遗憾地告知您我不能……
7．I must make a sincere and humble apology to you for... 我必须为……真诚地向你道歉。 8．Please accept my sincere apology for.., once more. 请再次为……接受我真诚的道歉。 9．I sincerely hope that you will kindly accept my apologies. 我衷心希望你能接受我的道歉。 10．I am so sorry to have put you to so much trouble. 不好意思给你添了很多麻烦。 范文： June 23, 2008
Dear Mr. / Ms,
I was very concerned when I received your letter of yesterday complaining that the central heating system in your new house had not been completed by the date promised.
On referring to our earlier correspondence, I find that I had mistaken the date for completion. The fault is entirely mine and I deeply regret that it should have occurred.
I realize the inconvenience our oversight must be causing you and will do everything possible to avoid any further delay. I have already given instructions for the work to have priority and the engineers working on the job to be placed on overtime. These arrangements should see the installation completed by next weekend. Yours faithfully
Zhang Ying （四）邀请信 写作策略
开头段：表明写作意图，向某人发出邀请。
9
主体段：说明邀请的具体原因，邀请的内容。
结尾段：表示强烈的期盼，并希望尽快得到答复。 常用句型
1．I am please to invite you to participate in …to be held from…to in… 我很高兴邀请你参加从……到……在……举行的……活动。
2．It is my pleasure/a great honor for me to invite you to…如能邀请你参加……是我莫大的荣幸。
3．It is my pleasure to extend an invitation to you to go traveling with me. 我很高兴邀请你和我一起去旅游。
4．I hope that you won't decline my invitation．我希望你不会拒绝我的邀请。 5．I will cover all the expenses involved．我会负责有关费用。
6．We were wondering if the session could consist of．．．我们想知道会议是否可以包括…… 7．Would you please let me know as soon as possible if you can accept my invitation? 你能否早日告诉我是否能接受我的邀请？ 范文： June 23, 2008
Dear sir/madam:
We would like to invite you to an exclusive presentation of our new [product]. The presentation will take place at [location], at [time] on [date]. There will also be a reception at [time]. We hope you and your colleagues will be able to attend.
[company] is a leading producer of high-quality . As you well know, recent technological advances have made increasingly affordable to the public. Our new models offer superb quality and sophistication with economy, and their new features give them distinct advantages over similar products from other manufacturers.
We look forward to seeing you on [date]. Just call our office at [phone number] and we will be glad to secure a place for you. Sincerely yours,
10
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容