Unit 3 Words and ExpressionsAlienation and the Internet2.equivalent: n. sth. equal in value, measure, force, effect or significance 相等物Comparison: equivalent (of/to sth.)e.g. The dress cost the equivalent of a week’s salary. What is the equivalent of fifty pounds in US dollars?equivalent: a. equal in value, amount, meaning, importance, etc. 相等的Comparison: equivalent (to sth.)e.g. Eight kilometers is roughly equivalent to five miles.3.dramatically: ad. suddenly and noticeably 戏剧性地,引人注目地e.g. Prices have fallen dramatically. Events could have developed in a dramatically different way.Derivation: dramatic a.e.g. a dramatic increase/fall/change/improvement dramatic results/developments/news4.alter: v. become different; make sb./sth. different 改变,更改e.g. He had altered so much that I scarcely recognized him. Nothing can alter the fact that we are to blame. The landscape has been radically altered, severely damaging wildlife.Derivation: alteration: n. a change to sth. that makes it different 交互,轮流,变换e.g. They are making major/minor alterations to the house.5.further: v. help forward 促进,推动e.g. Additional training is probably the best way to further your career these days. The interests of an organization will never be furthered through acts of terrorism.6.fragment: v. break into parts or small pieces 使破碎,分裂 /frag’ment/e.g. The satellite will fragment and burn up as it falls through the Earth’s atmosphere. The government is planning to fragment the industry before privatizing it.fragment: n. a small part of sth. that has broken off or comes from sth. Larger1.given: prep. when you consider sth. 考虑到,如果 adj. 假设的,特定的e.g. Given his age (= considering how old he is), he’s remarkably active. Given her interest in children, teaching seems the right job for her.given that: conj. 假定,考虑到e.g. It was surprising the government was re-elected, given that they had raised taxes so much. given: a. fixed for a purpose and stated as such e.g. They were to meet at a given time and place.e.g. Police found fragments of glass near the scene. I overheard a fragment of their conversation.Pronunciation: Note that when the same form is used as a noun, the stress shifts to the first syllable.Derivation: fragmentation n. 分裂e.g. the fragmentation of the country into small independent statesfragmented a. 成碎片的,片段的e.g. a fragmented society7.alienate: v. cause sb. to feel very distant from or not welcome to sb. else 使疏远,离间,麻木e.g. She was alienated from her brother by her foolish behavior. All these changes to the newspaper have alienated its traditional readers.Derivations: alien: a. & n. 外国的,陌生的;外星人 e.g. In a world that had suddenly become alien and dangerous, he was her only security. aliens from outer space (n.) alienation: n. 疏远,离间,[哲]异化 e.g. The new policy resulted in the alienation of many voters. Many immigrants suffer from a sense of alienation.8.addicted: a. being dependent on sth. and wanting to spend as much time doing it as possibleCollocation: be addicted to sth.e.g. Some youngsters are hopelessly addicted to video games. She’s become addicted to love stories.Derivations: addiction: n. 沉溺,上瘾e.g. He is now fighting his addiction to alcohol. addictive: a. 使人上瘾的e.g. Heroin is highly addictive.9.alcoholic: n. sb. who cannot stop drinking large amounts of alcohol, even when this is making him/her ill 酗酒者Word Formation: -aholic: (suffix in nouns) liking sth. very much and unable to stop doing or using ite.g. shopaholic; chocaholic; workaholic 购物狂;巧克力迷;工作狂10.in that: conj. (formal) for the reason that; because 因为e.g. She was fortunate in that she had friends to help her. Men differ from brutes in that they can think and speak. The news was all the more reliable in that it was from an official source.11.be given to: (formal) so sth. often or regularlyCollocation:e.g. The evidence against him was overwhelming. She had the almost overwhelming desire to tell him the truth.Derivation: be given to sth. / doing sth.e.g. He is given to heavy drinking. He is given to going for long walk on his own.12.exaggeration: n. continue in a course of action even in the face of difficulty or with little or no indication of success 夸张e.g. He told his story simply and without exaggeration.Derivations: exaggerate: v. make sth. seem larger, better, worse or more important than it really is e.g. The hotel was really filthy and I’m not exaggerating. He tends to exaggerate the difficulties.13.binge: n. an occasion when an activity is done in an extreme way, esp. eating, drinking or spending money 狂欢,作乐e.g. go on a binge / an Internet binge / a chocolate binge One of the symptoms of this disease is binge eating.14.skew: v. cause to be not straight or exact; twist 歪斜,扭转e.g. The company’s results for this year are skewed because not all our customers have paid their bills. Today’s election will skew the results in favor of the northern end of the country.15.lament: v. express sadness and regret about sth. 惋惜,哀悼e.g. He lamented the death of his friend. She lamented that she had never been to Paris.Derivation: lamentable: a. very disappointing 可悲的,哀伤的,可怜的e.g. She shows a lamentable lack of understanding.16.… it struck us that …: … it occurred to us that … / … we suddenly realized that …e.g. How does the concert last night strike you? He struck me as an odd, old-fashioned professor of Chinese. 17.confront: 面对,遭遇(1)v. deal with a problem or difficult situationSynonym: face up to 大胆面对,勇于正视e.g. She knew that she had to confront her fears. He manifested extraordinary courage when confronted with formidable difficulty.(2) face sb. so that they cannot avoid seeing and hearing you, esp. in an unfriendly or dangerous situatione.g. The lawyer confronted the accused man with the forged check. This was the first time he had confronted an armed robber.18.perceive: v. see, notice, or realize sth., esp. when it is not obvious 注意到,察觉到,认为e.g. I perceived a change in his behavior. She perceived that all was not well. The patient was perceived to have difficulty in breathing.Derivations: perception: n. 观念,洞察力,认识能力 perceptive: a. having or showing the ability to see or understand things quickly, esp. things that are not obvious 敏感的,有洞察力的,感知的e.g. It was very perceptive of you to notice that. perceptible: a. great enough for you to notice it (Synonym: noticeable) 可察觉的,能感觉到的e.g. Her foreign accent was barely perceptible.19.converse: n. the opposite 相反的e.g. In the U.S., cars are driven on the right side of the road, but in Britain the converse applies. It is possible, of course, that the converse of this theory may also be true.20.maximize: (1) v. increase sth. as much as possiblee.g. maximize efficiency/fitness/profits [computing] Maximize the window to full screen.(2)v. make the best use of sth.e.g. maximize opportunities/resourcesAntonym: minimizeIII. Word Derivation1.alienation n. → alienate v. (1)制造业的工作又枯燥又单调，使许多工人产生了一种疏离感。The boring and repetitive nature of manufacturing jobs has led to the alienation of many workers.(2)他们采取这个政策，就要冒同许多支持者疏远的风险。By adopting this policy, they risk alienating many of their supporters.2.globe n. → global a. → globalize v. 使全球化→ globalization n. (1)这个美丽的城市每年都吸引着全球各地的游客。Vocabulary ExercisesThe beautiful city attracts tourists from every corner of the globe every year.(2)环境保护是个全球问题。Environmental protection is a global issue.(3)公司已经成功地将业务推向了全球。The company has successfully globalized its business.(4)中国在全球化的进程中经历着快速变化。China has been experiencing rapid changes during the process of globalization.3.fragmentation n. 分裂→ fragment n. & v. → fragmented a. 成碎片的,片段的(1)国家正面临分裂成几个独立小国的危险。(2)(n.) 他说的没有一点是真话！The country was facing the danger of fragmentation into several small independent states.There is not even the smallest fragment of truth in what he says!(3)(v.) 生产资本和金融资本的兴趣不同可能会分裂资产阶级.A difference of interests between manufacturing and finance capital may fragment the bourgeoisie.(4)这些措施将有助于重建分裂的社区并创造适宜孩子成长的环境。These policies will help to rebuild a fragmented community and create an environment suitable for children to grow up in.4.addiction n. 上瘾→ addict n. 上瘾者→ addicted a. (1)年轻人吸食海洛因成瘾这一问题日益严重。There is a growing problem of heroin addiction among young people.(2)他变成了一个不可救药的电脑游戏瘾君子。He became an incurable computer game addict.(3)服用这些毒品不长时间就会上瘾。It doesn’t take long to become addicted to these drugs.5.exaggeration n. → exaggerate v. → exaggerated a.(1)说大多数学生从来没有读过一部完整的莎士比亚戏剧，这毫不夸张。It’s no exaggeration to say that most students have never read a complete Shakespeare play.(2)媒体刻意夸大了形势的严重性。The press has deliberately exaggerated the seriousness of the situation.(3)他倾向于作夸大其辞的断言。He tends to make greatly exaggerated claims.6.depress v. 使沮丧→ depressing a. → depressed a. → depression n.(1)想到还须重新考试，我就感到很郁闷。The thought of having to take the exam again depressed me.(2)这年头，找工作会令人很沮丧。Looking for a job these days can be very depressing.(3)我在这种天气里总是感到精神抑郁。I feel very depressed in such kind of weather.(4)国家依然深陷经济萧条不能自拔。The country was still in the grip of economic depression.7.simulation n.模拟,仿真 → simulate v. → simulated a. 伪装的(1)在电脑模拟的核爆炸中，人们可以清楚地看到爆炸发生的情形。People can see clearly what happens in the computer simulation of nuclear explosion.(2)在配音过程中，人们抖动金属片来模仿雷声。In the dubbing process, a sheet of metal was shaken to simulate the noise of thunder.(3)他迷恋模拟战争游戏。He is addicted to simulated war games.8.gratification n. → gratify v. → gratitude n.感恩,感谢(1)家庭的成功是他晚年十分满意的事。His family’s success was a great gratification to him in his old age.(2)看到我的结婚礼物倍受赞赏，我感到很高兴。It gratified me to see how much my wedding present was appreciated.(3)她请我吃饭以表谢意。She showed me her gratitude by inviting me to dinner.V. Synonym /Antonym 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.unintendedcommonplacedistancedfostermoderateadvancementdistortedfundamental[Ant.] intended, purposeful, intentional, planned[Ant.] extraordinary, unusual[Synonym] alienate, isolate, estrange(使疏远)[Synonym] cultivate, nurture[Ant.] considerable, excessive, indulgent[Synonym] improvement, enhancement[Synonym] misrepresent, falsify(伪造,篡改)[Ant.] unimportant, trivial, minor2.joust (para.2): v.
7.derby (para.4): n.
11.pump (para.4): v.
5.entice (para.4): v.
3.blanket (para.3): v.
9.strained (para.4): a.
8.at a flat rate (para.4):
18.dirge (para.8): n. 挽歌
引诱德比马赛泵,抽水机统一税率破坏,毁坏检察长紧张的,不自然的订阅者,签署者覆盖,用毯子盖,使包含
4.subscriber (para.3): n.
6.demolition (para.4): n.
10.attorney general (para.4):
15.revenue (para.7): n. 税收,岁入
1.modem (para.1): n. 调制解调器
19.turnover (para.8): n. 营业额,成交量
马上长枪比武,竞争(同just)
17.hefty (para.7): a. 异常大的,相当多的
14.syndrome (para.6): n. 症候群,综合征
16.phenomenal (para.7): a. 现象的,非凡的
12.ailing (para.4): a. 生病的,境况不佳的 ail
20.intrusive (para.8): a. 打搅的,入侵的 /in’tru:siv/
13.appeal to (para.5): 对...产生吸引力;呼吁;恳求;申诉
Text II America Online: Losing the Battles, But Winning the War