考研英语阅读理解

来源：智榕旅游

第1篇

本文选自《自然》杂志中一篇名为 “Fast-spreading genetic mutations pose ecological risk” 的文章。文章肯定基因驱动巨大潜力的同时，指出了其潜在风险，目前还不能在自然界中随意使用，最后两段给出了相关建议。由于本文原文篇幅较长，因此只选取了部分内容。

原文

Ⅰ①A technique that allows particular genes to spread rapidly through populations is not ready to be set loose in the wild, warns a committee convened by the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.

Ⅱ①In a report released on 8 June, the committee argued that such ‘gene drives’ pose complex ecological risks that are not yet fully understood. ②“It is not ready — and we are not ready — for any kind of release,” says Elizabeth Heitman, co-chair of the committee and a research integrity educator at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. ③“There is a lot of work that needs to be done.”

Ⅲ①Even so, Heitman and other members of the committee felt that the potential of gene drives, for example to combat insect-borne diseases, is compelling enough to warrant additional laboratory and field studies.

used a popular gene-editing technique called CRISPR–Cas9 to develop gene drives that spread a given gene through a population almost exponentially faster than normal in yeast, fruit flies and two species of mosquitoes.

Ⅴ①But as molecular biology research on gene drives has surged forward, it has outpaced our understanding of their ecological consequences, says Heitman.②Even a small, accidental release from a laboratory holds the potential to spread around the globe: “After release into the environment, a gene drive knows no political boundaries,” the committee wrote.

Ⅵ①As a result, oversight of gene drive projects should be coordinated across countries, the committee argued, and best practices should be openly shared among laboratories. ②The committee also detailed multiple phases of testing that should be used to assess the effects of a gene drive, and stressed the need to involve researchers' home institutions, regulators and even the public in decision-making.

Ⅶ①A gene drive could have unintended effects on the environment if it is unleashed in wild populations: removing one species of insect, for example, could endanger the animals that feed on it. ②Given this risk, the report also stressed the importance of layering multiple methods of containment to prevent accidental release of engineered species, and of consulting with the public even before gene drive experiments are undertaken in the laboratory.

“Fast-spreading genetic mutations pose ecological risk.” By Heidi Ledford. Jun.8th, 2016. The Nature.

词汇短语

1. *convene [kən'viːn] v.召集

2. –borne 通过..传播的

3. compelling [kəm'pelɪŋ] adj. 令人信服的

4. warrant ['wɒr(ə)nt] v. 使…显得必要

5. field studies 实地研究

6. *postulate ['pɒstjʊleɪt] v. 假定

7. *eradicate [ɪ'rædɪkeɪt] v. 根除

8. hamper ['hæmpə] v. 阻止

9. *advent ['ædvɛnt] n. 出现

10. *exponentially [,ɛkspo'nɛnʃəli] adv. 以指数方式

11. *yeast [jiːst] n. 酵母菌

12. *outpace [aʊt'peɪs] v. 超过

13. *oversight ['əʊvəsaɪt] n. 监督

14. *unleash [ʌn'liːʃ] v. 释放

15. feed on 以…为食

16. layering ['leɪərɪŋ] n. 分层

注：标*的为超纲词

点评

翻译：美国国家科学、工程和医学科学院设置的一个委员会警告说，将特定基因快速扩散到群体中去的这项技术还不可在自然环境中随意使用。

点评：段Ⅰ和段Ⅱ总领全文观点：基因驱动技术还不可随意使用。段Ⅰ开门见山，总述委员会观点。A technique即指下文所述的基因驱动技术（gene drives）。That引导的定语从句修饰a technique详细解释了基因驱动技术，就是将特定基因快速扩散到群体中去的技术。not ready to还没准备好，也就是这项技术还未能成熟应对释放后造成的后果，set loose意为解开，释放。in the wild指在自然界中。warns（意为If you warn someone about something such as a possible danger or problem, you tell them about it so that they are aware of it，“警告”）凸显了基因驱动技术在自然环境中随意使用会造成的危险。convene意为集合，召集，美国国家科学、工程和医学科学院召集成员成立了委员会，暗示了委员会的权威性。

翻译：委员会6月8日发布的报告称，基因驱动会引发许多未为人知的复杂性生态风险。“生态环境还没有---我们也还没有---做好应对各种形式释放的准备”委员会共同主席兼田纳西州那什维尔范德堡大学医学院科研诚信教师伊丽莎白·海特曼这样说。“还有很多工作需要做。”

点评：段Ⅱ具体解释了段Ⅰ所述观点，即这项技术还不可在自然环境中随意使用的原因：因为基因驱动会引发复杂性生态风险。gene drives加引号表示这是一个专有名词，说明是对上文将特定基因快速扩散的概括。Pose（意为If something poses a problem or a danger, it is the cause of that problem or danger，“造成问题或危险”）表示因果关系，说明‘gene drives’是生态风险的根源。that are not yet fully understood定语从句修饰ecological risks，说明人们还不了解这种风险，不知道会造成什么风险。句②③继而说we are not ready，There is a lot of work that needs to be done呼应that are not yet fully understood，指出我们还需进一步研究才能了解这种风险，才能安全地使用基因驱动技术。句②中it指自然界。

翻译：即便如此，海特曼和委员会其他成员都认为，基因驱动潜力巨大，如能够抵御虫媒疾病，这足以推动人们进行进一步的实验室研究和实地研究。

点评：段Ⅲ和段Ⅳ退而认可基因驱动的潜力巨大。段Ⅲeven so（意为despite anything to the contrary ，usually following a concession，“即使这样”) 开头说明以下为让步转折结构，先退一步认可基因驱动技术，再转折指出其潜在风险。-borne（意为 -borne combines with nouns to form adjectives that describe the method or means by which something is carried or moved，“通过..传播的”）。compelling(意为A compelling argument or reason is one that convinces you that something should be done，“令人信服的”)指基因驱动的巨大潜力推动人们做进一步的研究。warrant（意为If something warrants a particular action, it makes the action seem necessary or appropriate for the circumstances，“使…显得必要”）说明进一步研究是必要的、恰当的。Field这里指work or study that is done in a real, natural environment rather than in a theoretical way or in controlled conditions，现场的、实地的，与laboratory形成对比。

Ⅳ①Gene drives have been studied for more than half a century, and have long been postulated as a way to eradicate mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria. ②But the field was hampered by technical challenges until the recent advent of sophisticated — and easy-to-use — tools for engineering genomes. ③In the past two years, researchers have used a popular gene-editing technique called CRISPR–Cas9 to develop gene drives that spread a given gene through a population almost exponentially faster than normal in yeast, fruit flies and two species of mosquitoes.

翻译：基因驱动的研究历史长达半个多世纪，长久以来都被视作根除疟疾等蚊媒疾病的良方。然而，技术难题使研究频频受阻。直到最近，基因组编辑技术应运而生，它精密先进又便于使用，终于解决了这一难题。两年来，研究人员一直使用流行的CRISPR–Cas9基因编辑技术发展基因驱动。基因驱动使特定基因在酵母菌、果蝇和两种蚊子群体中扩散的速度近乎指数倍增长。

点评：段Ⅳ句①叙述基因驱动的巨大潜力和引发的关注。have been studied for more than

half a century和have long been postulated as…都凸显了gene drive的巨大潜力并因此引发了人们的不断探索。postulate（意为If you postulate something, you suggest it as the basis for a theory, argument, or calculation, or assume that it is the basis，“假定”）。句②转折（but），但是人们的探索受到了技术上的阻碍（hampered by），until与否定词hampered连用，说明现在这一技术难题已经解决了，强调until后的内容。the recent advent of （意为The advent of an important event, invention, or situation is the fact of it starting or coming into existence，“出现”）引出出现了新技术；破折号表示递进，这一技术不仅精密高端，而且便于使用。句③In the past two years呼应recent，gene-editing technique called CRISPR–Cas9即指sophisticated — and easy-to-use — tools。CRISPR–Cas9基因编辑技术冲破原有技术瓶颈，使基因驱动得以发展。Exponentially（意为in an exponential manner，“以指数方式”）修饰faster说明传播速度增长之迅猛。

翻译：但是海特曼说，分子生物学基因驱动相关研究蓬勃兴起的同时，它也超出了我们对其生态影响的理解。实验室中一次意外性的少量释放都有可能扩散到整个世界：“释放到自然界后，基因驱动系统并不在乎任何的政治疆界，”委员会报告中这样写道。

点评：段Ⅴ承接上文转折指出基因驱动潜在风险。句①has surged forward，意为蓬勃兴起，说明基因驱动发展速度之快，outpaced（意为surpass in speed，“超过”）指出基因驱动发展速度超过了我们研究其生态后果的发展速度，所以我们现在不知道基因驱动会造成什么后果，呼应前文that are not yet fully understood。句②进一步说明可能的ecological consequences。分号

前a small, accidental release和around the globe前后对比，凸显基因驱动蝴蝶效应般的巨大影响。分号后knows no political boundaries以拟人的手法表现了基因驱动系统扩散的随意性和破坏性。

翻译：因此，委员会称，各国应相互配合监督基因驱动项目，各实验室应坦率地分享基因驱动技术的最佳实施方法。委员会还详细规定了评估基因驱动影响所用测试的各阶段内容，并强调研究人员本国机构，监管机构，甚至是公众都需要参与决策。

点评：段Ⅵ和段Ⅶ针对基因驱动的潜在风险提出建议。段Ⅵ句①提出各国应互相监督并分享最佳方法。Unintended effect is an one that you did not intend to happen，意为不想要发生的，意料之外的影响。openly （意为If you do something openly, you do it without hiding any facts or hiding your feelings，“公开地”）表明委员会认为各实验室应开诚布公地分享成果。句②提出测试内容细化、共同决策。

翻译：如果基因驱动系统在野生种群中释放，会对环境造成意想不到的影响：例如，杀掉一种昆虫会危及以它为生的动物。鉴于此，报告还强调说，使用层次化的多种防范方法阻止转基因物种外放并在实验室进行基因驱动实验前征询公众意见是十分重要的。

点评：段Ⅶ句①详细叙述基因驱动系统的影响，呼应段Ⅴ句②。Unleashed与relaese含义相同，表示释放。remove（意为kill intentionally and with premeditation，“杀掉”）说明杀害一种昆虫就会影响生物链。feed on意为以…为食。句②提出建议：多种防范措施和向征询公众意见。Given this risk链接前句，this risk指影响生物链的风险。

第2篇

本文节选自《科学美国人》一篇名为“Basic Science Can't Survive without Government Funding” （《政府断粮，科学立亡》）的文章。一些学者和政府官员想要停止政府对基础科学的财政支持，而交给市场经济，让企业为自己需要的科研买单。作者对这种观点进行驳斥，旗帜鲜明地指出，没有政府支持，基础科学将会停止前进。作者考虑周全，思维绵密，全方位地痛击了这种错误的观点。

原文

Ⅰ①On December 2, 2015, the centennial anniversary of the publication of Einstein's general theory of relativity, science fans everywhere reflected on this amazing act of genius. ②But the theory was not born, fully formed, in some eureka moment. ③Albert Einstein chipped away at it for years. ④He was finally driven to complete it by a fierce rivalry with mathematician David Hilbert.

Ⅱ①Examine the detailed history of almost any iconic scientific discovery or technological invention—the lightbulb, the transistor, DNA, even the Internet—and you'll find that the famous names credited with the breakthrough were only a few steps ahead of a pack of competitors. ②Recently some writers and elected officials have used this phenomenon, called parallel innovation, to argue againstthe public financing of basic research.

Ⅲ①In his new book, The Evolution of Everything , for example, British science writer Matt Ridley claims that government just gets in the way of the natural evolution of science and invention. ②Many in the U.S. Congress agree. ③We spend too much taxpayer money

on science, some politicians say. ④Government should leave it to companies to finance the research they need.

Ⅳ①These arguments are dangerously wrong. ②Without government support, most basic scientific research will never happen. ③This is most clearly true for the kind of pure research that hasdelivered enormous prestige and great intellectual benefits but no profits, such as the work that brought us the Higgs boson, or the understanding that a supermassive black hole sits at the center of the Milky Way, or the discovery of methane seas on the surface of Saturn's moon Titan. ④Company research laboratories used to do this kind of work: experimental evidence for the big bang was discovered at AT&T's Bell Labs, resulting in a Nobel Prize. ⑤Now those days are gone.

Ⅴ①Even in applied fields, such as materials science and computer science, companies now understand that basic research is a form of charity—so they avoid it. ②Scientists at Bell Labs created the transistor, but that invention earned billions for Intel (and Microsoft). ③Engineers at Xerox PARC invented the modern graphical user interface, although Apple (and Microsoft) profited the most.

Ⅵ①If government were to leave it to the private sector to pay for basic research, most science would come to a screeching halt. ②What research survived would be done largely in secret, for fear of handing the next big thing to a rival.③In that situation, Einstein might never have felt the need to finish his greatest work.

Ⅶ①Einsteins are few and far between. ②But we don't have to wait for a rare genius as long as westoke the competitive instincts of the smartest people around and persuade them to share their discoveries, in exchange for a shot at glory and riches.[461words]

(“Basic Science Can't Survive without Government Funding”. By Nathan Myhrvold. February 1, 2016.Scientific American.)

词汇短语

1. *centennial [senˈteniəl] adj. 百年纪念的

2. reflect on 思索，反省，

3. *eureka [juˈri:kə] int.（因找到某物，尤指问题的答案而高兴）我发现了，我找到了

4. chip away at 削弱

5. *iconic [aɪˈkɒnɪk] adj. 符号的，图符的

6. *rivalry [ˈraɪvlri] n. 竞争

7. *transistor [trænˈzɪstə(r)] n. 晶体管

8. credited with认为 ... 有某种成就

9. a pack of一群

10. argue against 为反对...而争论

11. get in the way 挡路；妨碍

12. deliver [dɪˈlɪvə(r)] v. 传递

13. *prestige [preˈsti:ʒ] n. 声誉

14. *methane [ˈmi:θeɪn] n. 甲烷

15. *Saturn [ˈsætɜ:n] n. 土星

16. *screeching [sk'ri:tʃɪŋ] adj. 发出刺耳的声音

17. halt [hɔ:lt] n. 停止

18. few and far between 稀少，少而分散的

19. *stoke [stəʊk] v. 给…添加（燃料），煽动

20. a shot at sth尝试

（注：标*的为超纲词）

点评

mathematician David Hilbert.

翻译：2015年10月2日是爱因斯坦发表广义相对论一百周年纪念日，全世界的科学爱好者都在思索这个震惊世界的天才之举。但是相对论并非是在某个灵光闪现的时刻诞生、完全成形的。阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦花了很多年，一点一滴地攻坚克难。最后推动他完成理论的是和数学家大卫·希尔伯特激烈的竞争。

点评：本文有七段，可以分成三个层次：（引入+）树靶——打靶——建议。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ段树靶，引出本文作者驳斥的对象：“基础研究无需占用公共财政”这一观点。Ⅰ段为引子，回顾爱因斯坦发现广义相对论的历史。①句以新近事件引入：爱因斯坦发表广义相对论一百周年纪念日引发了人们对其“天才之举”的回顾。②③④句转而指出该“天才之举”的真相：并非灵光一现，而是爱因斯坦多年艰苦努力的成果，且是与他人激烈竞争的产物。some 与单数名词连用，表示未知或未确指的某个（人、地、时刻）。eureka moment意为“灵光一现的时刻”， eureka是希腊语，是阿基米德的名言，意为：我找到了，我发现了）。chip away at 本义为to keep breaking small pieces off sth“不停地削（或者凿）”，这里指爱因斯坦多年的不断思考尝试，逐渐攻克难题。

翻译：只需研究一下几乎任何一项标志性的科学发现或者技术创新的详细历史——电灯泡、晶体管、DNA、甚至是互联网——你就会发现，被冠以“突破者”称号的那些大名鼎鼎的人物只比大批的竞争对手抢先几步。最近，一些作者和当选的官员利用这种叫做“平行创新”的现象，反对政

府投资基本科研项目。

点评：Ⅱ段概述提出敌方观点。首先从相对论这一个别事件，扩展到科研的普遍现象。从相对论的历史联想到几乎所有标志性的科学发现的历史。随后正式树靶，引出本文作者驳斥的观点。①句指出很多重要课题往往有很人在同时研究，不过看谁运气较佳，能够捷足先登。name此处指名人（a famous person）。②句正式树靶：一些作家和官员认为基础研究无需占用公共财政。他们的逻辑是，既然科研充满竞争，那么就可以效仿其他行业，政府不需要投资，而是交付市场，由私人资本运作。

翻译：比如，英国科学作家马特·里德利在他的新书《万物进化》中声称，政府只会妨碍科学创造的自然进程。这个观点得到很多美国国会议员的赞同。一些政客说，我们在科学上花掉太多纳税人的钱了。政府应该放手交给公司，让他们自行投资所需要的研究。

点评：Ⅲ段详释说明敌方观点。复述敌论，有重点地引用这些作家和官员的错误观点。马特·里德利是著名的科学作家，毕业于伊顿公学和牛津大学，曾担任《经济学人》杂志科学版块编辑，引用他的观点很有代表性。里德利认为政府只会阻碍科学和创新的自然进程，政客们认为政府没必在科研上花这么多钱。

Ⅳ①These arguments are dangerously wrong. ②Without government support, most basic scientific research will never happen. ③This is most clearly true for the kind of pure

research that hasdelivered enormous prestige and great intellectual benefits but no profits, such as the work that brought us the Higgs boson, or the understanding that a supermassive black hole sits at the center of the Milky Way, or the discovery of methane seas on the surface of Saturn's moon Titan. ④Company research laboratories used to do this kind of work: experimental evidence for the big bang was discovered at AT&T's Bell Labs, resulting in a Nobel Prize. ⑤Now those days are gone.

翻译：这些说法错误至极，危险之至。没有政府支持，大部分基础科学研究永远无法开展。最明显真实的例子是那些带来巨大声誉和知识利益，但是没有经济利益的纯理论研究，比如希格斯玻色子的研究，或者是银河系中心是超大黑洞的想法，或者是土星卫星泰坦上面有甲烷海的发现。在过去，公司的研究实验室做这样的研究：宇宙大爆炸的实验证据就是在AT&T's的贝尔实验室发现的，结果获得了诺贝尔奖。现在，这样的日子一去不返了。

点评：Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ段打靶，分别从纯理论研究和应用研究两方面驳斥敌方观点。Ⅳ段从纯理论研究（pure research）方面反驳。①句旗帜鲜明地亮出作者观点：这些说法是非常错误的，危害甚大。②句指出危害所在：离开公共财政支持，大部分基础研究会骤然停止。③句以实例支持，一系列重大理论发现都离不开政府资金支持。作者认为“没有政府会阻碍科学创新”，从而打击了敌论认为的“政府阻碍科学和创新”。④⑤句用让步—转折逻辑，预防敌方反击。④句让步，说历史上的确也有公司的研究中心取得重大理论突破的情况，this kind of work指pure research。⑤句转折，直接泼来一盆冷水，但是现在这种情况不复存在了。

翻译：即使在应用领域，比如材料科学和计算机科学，各大公司现在也明白，基础研究是一种慈善行为——所以他们唯恐避之不及。贝尔实验室的科学家发明了晶体管，但这一发现却让英特尔公司（和微软）赚了几十亿。施乐帕克研究中心的工程师发明了现代图形用户界面，可是苹果公司（和微软）获益最多。

点评：Ⅴ段从应用研究（applied fields）方面反驳。①句指出公司担心科研成果被竞争对手摘取，因此不会投资应用研究。②③句以实例支撑。

翻译：如果政府撤资，让私营部门出资进行基础研究，大部分科学研究会戛然而止。侥幸留下的研究很大程度上会秘密进行，因为担心下一个重大发现会拱手送给竞争对手。在那种情况下，爱因斯坦可能永远不会觉得有必要去完成他最伟大的工作。

点评：Ⅵ段整段用虚拟语气，对上文的驳斥要点进行总结，如果政府停止对科研的资金支持，大部分会停止（对应Ⅳ段），剩下的小部分会转入地下（对应Ⅴ段）。

翻译：爱因斯坦是凤毛麟角的天才。但是我们不必苦等下一个旷世奇才降世，我们只需要鼓动起周围那些最聪明的人的竞争本能，说服他们分享其发现，以争取荣誉和财富。

点评：Ⅶ段建议：其实没必要改弦更张，讨论到底要政府还是企业出钱支持科研，现在只需要给科学家更多的鼓励就够了。①句重申爱因斯坦是稀少的天才，和首段形成照应。few and far between字面意思是“不多而且相互之间离得很远”，即“稀少”。②句给出简短的建议。stoke 的意思是给…添加（燃料），煽动，激起。share是要强调，科学是天下之公器，要分享，不要独享。

第3篇

本文节选选自《卫报》2016年5月18日一篇名为“Are you confused by food expiration dates? You’re not alone”的文章。美国参众议院提出一项法案，意图为食品保质期制定统一的标识方案。文章指出，现行标识系统混乱，给消费者带来困惑，从而白白扔掉了很多事物，造成了大量资源浪费。该法案的出发点不是食品安全，而是资源节约。

原文

Ⅰ①The US Senate and the House of Representatives today introduced bills to clarify the rules regarding expiration date labels on food. ②The current labeling system means an estimated 8mlbs of food is thrown away prematurely every year.

Ⅱ①The bills aim to standardize America’s food date labeling system. ②Instead of the many different dates currently in use, the new system would have just two – one to indicate peak qualityand another for use on products, such as deli meat and unpasteurized cheese, that could make people ill if eaten after a certain date.

Ⅲ①Studies show that most consumers are confused about expiration dates. ②One survey found that roughly 90% of A Americans prematurely throw away food because they think it has gone bad. ③Overall, the US spends an estimated $218bn on food that is never eaten every year. ④For an average family of four, that works out to be $1,500 per year. ⑤Along with that food, massive amounts of environmental resources end up in the dumpster: up to 25% of America’s fresh water and almost 30% of the world’s agricultural land is used every year to produce food that never gets eaten.

Ⅳ①Food expiration dates lie at the heart of a lot of that waste. ②Manufacturers usually choose the phrase they use on packaging. ③For example, one brand of milk might stamp its products “best before”, while another might say “sell by”. ④A third might just have a date with no words at all.

Ⅴ①Another problem is that manufacturers also choose their own methods for determining expirationdates. ②Some use consumer focus groups to identify the flavor peak, while others use lab tests to determine the point at which the pathogen populations in a particular food could make people sick. ③Canned food manufacturers often set dates far earlier than necessary because they worry about consumers’ suspicion of foods that stay fresh for a long time.

Ⅵ①Many consumers also misunderstand food expiration and are unaware of what causes food to go bad. ②While people often worry about getting sick from eating old food, illness is usually caused bycontamination not spoilage. ③As John Ruff, the president of the Institute of Food Technologists, said: “In 40 years, in eight countries, if I think of major product recalls and food poisoning outbreaks, I can’t think of [one] that was driven by a shelf life issue.”

(“Are you confused by food expiration dates? You're not alone”. By Dana Gunders. May 18th, 2016.The Guardian.)

词汇短语

1. bill [bɪl] n. (提交议会讨论的）议案

2. *expiration [ˌekspəˈreɪʃn] n. 截止日期

3. *prematurely [ˌpriməˈtjʊrlɪ] adv. 过早地；贸然地

4. standardize [ˈstændədaɪz] v. 使标准化

5. indicate [ˈɪndɪkeɪt] v. 标示

6. *deli [ˈdɛli] n. 熟食品

7. *unpasteurized [ʌn'peɪstʃəraɪzd] adj. 未经高温消毒的

8. end up in 以……结束

9. dumpster ['dʌmpstə(r)] n. 垃圾箱

10. stamp [stæmp] v. 盖章；标记

11. pathogen [ˈpæθədʒən] n. 病菌

12. contamination [kənˌtæmɪ'neɪʃən] n. 污染

13. *spoilage [ˈspɔɪlɪdʒ]n. （食品等的）腐败

14. recall [rɪˈkɔ:l] n. 召回

（注：标*的为超纲词）

点评

翻译：即日，美国参议院和众议院起草了一项法案，对食品保质期标签做出规定。据估计，现行的标签系统造成每年800万磅食物被贸然扔掉。

点评：段Ⅰ句①开门见山，引出话题，美国参众议院提出一项法案，就食品保质期标签标识系统制定规范。句②指出原因，现在的标识系统造成了大量食物被扔掉。这句话勾起读者好奇，引发读者思考背后的原因。prematurely意思是“过早地，贸然地”，也就是食物还在保质期内却被误认为不能食用而扔掉了。

翻译：该草案试图标准化美国食品保质期标识系统。现行系统标明多个日期，新系统却只保留两种日期——最佳赏味期限和熟肉、生奶酪等食品的保鲜期，超过该日期食用此类食品会让人生病。

点评：段Ⅱ是对上一段的具体说明。句①指出法案的目的：标准化食品保质期标签标示系统。言下之意是，现行系统并没有统一规范。句②解释标准化，抛弃混乱的众多日期，只保留两个必要的日期。in stead of 取舍结构对比新旧两种标识系统，展现出新系统的简单明了。peak quality“最佳赏味期”说明超过此期限也可以放心食用，只是风味略差而已。再者，为极易变质的食物标

明保鲜期，超过此期限食用对健康有害。

翻译：研究表明，大部分消费者对食物有效期困惑不已。某研究发现，大约90%的美国人因为以为食物变质了，贸然地扔掉了食物。总的来说，美国每年大约扔掉价值2180亿美元的食物。对一个普通的四口之家来说，也就是每年扔掉1500美元。随着食物被扔掉，大量环境资源也扔进了垃圾桶：为了生产这些从来没被吃过的食物，要消耗美国25%的淡水资源和全球30%的耕地资源。

点评：段Ⅲ分析旧系统的缺陷：名目繁多——消费者弄不懂—贸然扔掉还能吃的食物——金钱和资源浪费。句①指出大部分消费者读不懂保质期标签，句②顺而指出这样的后果，很多事物被白白扔掉。句③④⑤从家庭、社会层面指出这造成的不仅是金钱损失，更重要的是资源浪费。

翻译：这种浪费很大程度上和食物保质期有关。生产厂家经常随意地选择印在包装上的措辞。比如，某品牌的牛奶也许会印上“此日期前最佳”，另一家可能印“上市日期”。第三家可能除了一

个日期，什么话都没写。

点评：段Ⅳ承接上文，把这种资源浪费归结于食物保质期，lie at the heart of 强调了重要性。②句指出生产厂家没有统一的标识标准，随意性很大，句③④举例说明。

翻译：另一个问题是不同厂家选择不同的方法确定标签日期。有的厂家根据消费者焦点小组，确定最佳风味时间，有的用实验测试，确定何时某食物中的病原菌能致病。罐头食品的真实保质期往往比厂家标注的保质期长很多，因为厂家担心消费者不信任能够长期保存的食物。

点评：段Ⅴ和上一段并列，指出随意性的第二个表现。句①保质期确定方法也不统一，②③句举例说明。

翻译：许多消费者也会误解保质期，不明白食物变质的原因。尽管人们常常担心吃下保存太久的食物会生病，但是致病的原因通常不是食物变质，而是食物污染。美国食品科学学会主席约翰·拉夫说：“40年内，在八个国家，我知道的大型食物召回和食物中毒事件中，没有一起和货架期有关。”

点评：说完了生产厂家的问题，段Ⅵ指出消费者对保质期的误解。保存太久不是问题，食物受到污染才是问题。

第4篇

本文选自《科学美国人》2016年7月19日一篇名为 “It's Time for Scientists to Stop Explaining So Much”的博文。科学家做研究是专家，但不一定擅长和大众沟通。作者从科学家在为大众普及科学知识的过程中受挫入手，分析与大众沟通失败的原因，强调和大众沟通是科学家的责任，呼吁科学家放弃“欠缺模型”这一错误的理论，学习如何与大众沟通。本文以提出问题—分析原因—解决问题的脉络行文，夹叙夹议，以理服人。

原文

Ⅰ①\"I explained how vaccines work, and they still weren't going to vaccinate their kid. What else am I supposed to do? ②If they don't want to learn, then I can't help them.\" ③This is the gist of several conversations I've had with a few scientist friends. ④I wasn't sure who was more frustrated—my colleagues, bewildered by people who refused to act in accord with scientific recommendation, or me, irritated that my friends could so callously wash their hands of any responsibility on an important public health issue simply because they were met with skepticism. ⑤Fortunately, some scientists are keen on trying new approaches to reach the public. ⑥But there are still sticks-in-the-mud who insist that if the public won't accept information provided to them by scientists, then there's not much to be done in the way of changing their minds.

Ⅱ①This theory of science communication, the so-called “deficit model\ suggests that public skepticism of science is due to a lack of information and understanding, and can be overcome if more information is provided. ②But the model has been widely discredited. ③Simply giving someone information, no matter how much or how many experts stand behind it, just isn't enough to convince them.

Ⅲ①But the reluctance of some scientists to accept the failure of the deficit model approach indicates that pure information isn't enough to convince them, either—otherwise, they would acknowledge the research and look for new ways to talk to the public.

Ⅳ①I do not place the blame solely on my stubborn colleagues. ②The science of science communication is rarely, if ever, discussed among academic researchers in many fields of \"hard\" science. ③Training in public communication for researchers is also rare—so when they operate by the deficit model and share information directly, they're just doing what they know from speaking with colleagues. ④And although a majority of researchers agree that scientists should be actively engaged in public policymaking about science and technology, they may not want to do it themselves.

Ⅴ①There are other approaches to communication which provide alternative methods to opening dialogue with skeptical audiences. ②For instance, contextualization suggests that science must be presented in the context of a person's values, beliefs, and personal experience. ③Scientists accustomed to making decisions purely based on evidence, without the influence of feelings or personal values, may find this to be an onerous task.

Ⅵ①The stakes are high, though. ②One need only consider the controversies surrounding climate change, vaccinations, and genetically modified food to understand that learning to communicate better with the public is a worthwhile endeavor. ③Whatever the reason may be for scientists sticking to the deficit model, it should not be a deficit in knowing about communication theory. ④Once they do, we can hope that respect for this research will be enough to convince them that it is not only advantageous to discard the deficit model approach, but that it is scientifically the right thing to do.[491words]

(“It's Time for Scientists to Stop Explaining So Much”. By Amanda Freise. July 19, 2016. Scientific American.)

词汇短语

1. *vaccine [ˈvæksi:n] n. 疫苗

2. *gist [dʒɪst] n. 要领；主旨

3. *bewilder [bɪˈwɪldə(r)]v. 使为难

4. *irritated [ˈɪrɪteɪtɪd]adj. 恼怒的

5. *callously ['kæləsli] adv. 麻木地；无情的

6. wash ones hands ofsth不愿意承担责任，不再参与，洗手不干

7. be keen on 喜欢

8. reach the public 让公众知道

9. sticks-in-the-mud （美俚）老古板，守旧的人

10. *discredit [dɪsk'redɪtɪd]v. 使不可信

11. hard science 硬科学，自然学科

12. *onerous [ˈəʊnərəs]adj. 繁重的

13. stakes are high 输赢大；关系重大

14. worthwhile [ˌwɜ:èˈwaɪl] adj.值得做的

15. endeavor [ɪn'devə]n. 尝试，努力

16. discard [dɪsˈkɑ:d]v. 抛弃

（注：标*为超纲词）

点评

翻译：“我解释了疫苗的作用原理，但他们依旧不打算为自己的孩子接种。我还能做什么？如果

他们不想学，我也爱莫能助。”这是我和几位科学家朋友进行的数次交谈的要点。我不确定到底谁更沮丧——是因人们拒绝按科学建议行事而不知所措的同事，还是因“朋友居然会仅仅因为受到质疑，便不负责任地放手不管一项重要的公共健康事业”而感到恼怒的我。幸运的是，一些科学家热心于尝试新的方法普及科学。但还是有一些老古板坚持认为，如果公众不接受科学家提供的信息，那么就没有什么别的办法能改变他们的想法了。

点评：第一段提出问题。①②③句以轶事开篇，吸引读者的注意。生动地刻画了科学家为大众摆事实，讲科学，但是大众无动于衷的尴尬画面。④⑤⑥句评价该轶事。④句中bewildered..., irritated...分别修饰colleagues, me。wash ones hands of sth(“退出、不参与、不做某事、不对某事负责”）这个俚语出自《圣经》，罗马总督彼拉多，迫于民众压力, 违心给耶稣定了罪，随后，他在众人面前洗手, 表示在这件事上他没有责任。作者用此评价某些科学家，仅仅因为受到公众怀疑就放弃沟通，这是推卸责任的表现。中文的“金盆洗手”有点类似，指放弃以前长期从事的行业或者某件事，但是没有推卸责任这层意思。⑤⑥句形成对比，有的科学家积极探索新的沟通方法，有的墨守成规，即使碰壁也不愿意改变。 reach(to be seen or heard by sb, “被…看到或者听到”），来自西日耳曼语 *raikjan “stretch out the hand” ，从最初的“伸手”引申到“到达、联系”等等，这里具体指向大众传播科学。sticks-in-the-mud 是个美国俚语，“棍棒牢牢地插在泥地里，没有松动的余地”，比喻落后保守、墨守成规的人。

翻译：这种科学传播理论，也就是所谓的“欠缺模型”表示，公众对科学持怀疑态度是因为信息和理解的不足，并且如果提供更多信息就可以战胜怀疑态度。但是这个模型已经遭到广泛质疑。

仅仅告诉某人一些信息，还不足以说服他们，不管这信息有多丰富，或者背后有多少专家支持。

点评：第二至四段分析科学家和大众沟通失败的原因，包括“欠缺模型”的失败，相关理论研究欠缺，对科学家沟通技能培训不足等等。第二段介绍了“欠缺模型”的内容以及其受到广泛质疑。

翻译：但是一些科学家不愿意接受“欠缺模型”的失败，这表明单纯的信息不足以说服他们，对科学家也是如此。不然的话，他们会承认这个研究，并且会寻找新的与公众对话的方法。

点评：第三段讲一些科学家固执错误的“欠缺模型”。面对大量证明“欠缺模型”不可靠的事实，一些科学家仍然不为所动。他们拒绝接受“欠缺模型”的失败，这恰恰证明了“欠缺模型”的失败，真是一个极大的讽刺。 the research指证明“欠缺模型”失败的研究。

do it themselves.

翻译：我不是仅仅指责我那固执的同事。关于科学传播的知识非常稀少，如果有的话，也是硬科学各个领域的研究人员之间的讨论。而且，对科研人员关于公共交流的培训也很少，所以当他们依照“欠缺模型”操作，直接分享信息，他们做的也不过是从和同事谈话学到的东西。虽然大部分研究人员同意科学家应该积极参与和科技有关的公共政策制定，但是他们可能不想亲力亲为。

点评：第四段①句是过渡句，用stubborn colleagues承上，以do not solely 启下, 讲除了科学家固执错误的沟通理论之外，还存在其他不利于向大众传播科学的因素，比如相关研究不足（science），培训不够（training)，亲自参与不够（engage)。

翻译：还存在另外的沟通思路，能够提供与好怀疑的听众公开对话的不同方式。比如，“情景化”表明，科学知识必须要放到一个人的价值、信念和个人经历的情境中呈现。习惯完全依靠证据做决策，摆脱感情和个人价值的影响的科学家可能觉得这是一件苦差事。

翻译：不过，这是利害攸关的事。只需要想一想围绕环境变化，疫苗接种，转基因食品的论战就能明白，学会和公众更好的交流值得尝试。不管是什么原因让一些科学家坚持“欠缺模型”，也不应该对传播理论认识不足。只要他们这么做了，我们就能希望，对这项研究的尊重足够让他们相信，抛弃“欠缺理论”不仅有好处，而且也是合乎科学精神的正确的事情。

点评：第五、六段给出建议和展望。比如，用“情景化”的方式取代摆事实的方法，但是作者指出，科学家已经习惯单靠事实说话，这种改变可能比较困难。下一段开始“循循善诱”，强调提高和公众沟通能力的重要性，①句stakes are high中，stake是赌博时买的筹码，筹码堆得很高说明输赢很大，换句话说，这件事成功与否有重大利害关系。类似常见的表达有high stakes test，指重要的考试（如高考，研究生入学考试等等）。第②句举环境变化等例子支持①句，科学家与公众的沟通能力的高低，影响到公共事务参与和政策制定。作者知道一蹴而就的变化不太可能，③④句语气更加和缓，呼吁某些固执的科学家，即使不能马上抛弃旧的理论，也不妨先对传播理论有些了解，这样的话他们最终会有所改变。

第5篇

本文选自《经济学人》2016年1月23日一篇名为 “In the hands of an angry God”（《落在愤怒上帝手中》）的文章。本文并非从神学角度讨论“上帝”是否存在，而是从心理学角度论证，认为相信超自然能力的存在是人类固有的心理，即使是无神论者也是如此。这种心理倾向在生物进化和社会发展方面都发挥了积极的作用。本文不谈玄学，完全从理性和证据出发，论证有力，语言流畅，值得品读。

原文

Ⅰ①Many people think that religious belief is inherent to human psychology. ②This does not mean that specific beliefs are wired, but that the brain is predisposed to believe in supernatural agents. ③Some proponentsof this idea argue that supernatural beliefs have hijacked innocent or otherwise useful features of the mind. ④But Dominic Johnson argues in “God Is Watching You”, belief in God—specifically, in supernatural forces that can punish—is a useful evolutionary adaptation.

Ⅱ①Mr Johnson argues that there is little harm if you overreact to something that turns out not to exist. ②But underestimating a rustling in the undergrowth, which might conceal a predator, could be fatal, leading to evolutionary selection of a tendency to see agents everywhere. ③The instinct is easily triggered, even in atheists. ④Even pictures can set it off: in one experiment, an office honour-system to pay for shared coffee got more contributions when someone taped a picture of a pair of eyes on the collecting tin.

Ⅲ①There is also a tendency in most people to put greater emphasis on punishment than on reward: losing $100 is far more painful than winning the same amount is pleasing.

②Why would belief in an angry god be any use? ③When humans developed language, they could spread word of cheating, freeriding and the like. ④Raping your neighbour’s mate might once have made evolutionary sense—spreading your own genes at little cost—but “in a clever and gossiping species, knowledge of selfish actions could spread and come back to haunt us” in the form of afurious husband or a village mob. ⑤Since cheating is now costlier, belief in an invisible monitor helps people avoid those costs, and so survive with their reputations intact, and pass on their genes.

Ⅳ①Mr Johnson noted that societies which punish cheaters are more likely to survive and grow. ②He quotes John Locke, a 17th century English philosopher: “Those who deny the existence of the Deity are not to be tolerated at all. ③Promises, covenants and oaths, which are the bonds of human society, can have no hold upon or sanctity for an atheist.” ④Those bonds and covenants allow societies to co-ordinate action and plan for the future. ⑤Mr Johnson’s own research into 186 preindustrial cultures found that moralising religious beliefs were more prevalent in larger and more complex societies. ⑥The fact that moralising religious beliefs are more prevalent in more complex societies does not prove that one caused the other. ⑦But the striking number and variety of examples add credence to Mr Johnson’s theory.

Ⅴ①The religious instinct is too deep-seated, he thinks. ②Instead, critics of superstition are best advised to work with the grain of human psychology rather than against it, finding morebenevolent ways to satisfy human yearning for something “out there”. ③What form such an atheist religion should take, though, God only knows. [481words]

(In the hands of an angry God. January 23rd, 2016. The Economist.)

词汇短语

1. wire [ˈwaɪəd] v. 接通电源

2. *predisposed [pri:dɪs'pəʊzd]adj. 倾向于

3. *proponent [prəˈpəʊnənt]n. 支持者

4. *rustling [ˈrʌslɪŋ] n. 沙沙声

5. honour-system 无看守监禁制

6. furious [ˈfjʊəriəs] adj. 狂怒的

7. *covenant [ˈkʌvənənt]n. 协议

8. hold upon 控制力

9. *sanctity [ˈsæŋktəti] n. 神圣

10. credence [ˈkri:dns] n. 相信

11. grain [greɪn] n. 细粒

12. *benevolent [bəˈnevələnt]adj. 慈善的

13. *yearning [ˈjɜ:nɪŋ] n. 渴望

（注：标*的为超纲词）

点评

翻译：很多人认为，宗教信仰是人类心理固有的。这并非意味着已经接通了特定的信仰，而是大脑倾向于相信超自然动因的存在。一些支持这种观点的人说，超自然信仰劫持了大脑的纯洁或者其他有用的功能。但是多米尼克·约翰逊在《上帝正在看着你》中认为，相信上帝的存在——特别是相信能够惩罚你的超自然力量的存在——是一种有用的进化性适应。

点评：第一段提出观点：人类有相信超自然力量的存在的倾向，因为这是有用的。关键词为useful evolutionary adaptation。①句铺设讨论的背景：很多人认为宗教信仰是人类心理固有的。有助于一步步引入论证话题。②句对①句补充说明，这并非天生信仰某个特定的宗教，而是一种普遍的倾向性。③④句通过对比，提出观点：这种倾向性对人类进化是有用的(useful)。

contributions when someone taped a picture of a pair of eyes on the collecting tin.

翻译：约翰逊先生说，如果你对某种最后发现并不存在的事物反应过度，这没有什么危害。但是低估藏着捕食者的灌木丛中的窸窣声可能是致命的，因此。这种本能很容易被触发，甚至是无神论者。即使是图片也能触发这种本能：在某项实验中，办公室提供完全依靠自觉付款的咖啡，当有人在钱盒上贴上一双眼睛的图片，钱盒子收到了更多的钱。

点评：第二段至第四段论证人类心理相信超自然力量存在的固有性和有用性。第二段从纯理性角度论证人类有相信超自然力量存在倾向性的固有性。①②句对比是否相信超自然力量存在的两种后果。overreact vs. underestimating 和little harm vs. fatal形成强烈对比。相信了没有太大的危害，但是不相信可能是致命的。③句说明在这种理性推理之下，即使是无神论者，也存在这种本能(instinct)，而且很容易被触发(easily triggered)。④句以实验结果证明其容易被触发的特点。honor system也叫做trust system，是相信人们会诚实地遵守规矩，因不安排专人检查管理的系统(an arrangement by which persons are trusted to act honestly and therefore are not directly monitored, even though persons might obtain a benefit from acting dishonestly)，比如考试无人监考，地铁无人查票。

Ⅲ①There is also a tendency in most people to put greater emphasis on punishment than on reward: losing $100 is far more painful than winning the same amount is pleasing. ②Why would belief in an angry god be any use? ③When humans developed language, they could spread word of cheating, freeriding and the like. ④Raping your neighbour’s mate might once have made evolutionary sense—spreading your own genes at little cost—but “in a clever and gossiping species, knowledge of selfish actions could spread and come back to haunt us” in the form of afurious husband or a village mob. ⑤Since cheating is now costlier, belief in an invisible monitor helps people avoid those costs, and so survive with their reputations intact, and pass on their genes.

翻译：并且大部分人具有相比奖赏，更看重惩罚的倾向：失去100美元的痛苦远远超过获得100美元的快乐。为什么相信愤怒上帝有什么作用呢？当人类有了语言，他们可以谈论欺骗，搭便车或者类似的行为。强奸邻居的妻子也许马上能够获得进化意义——用很少的成本就传播了自己的基因——但是“在聪明而且八卦的种族中，自私行为的消息会传播出去，并且返回来困扰你”，会有暴怒的丈夫或者村民暴徒找上门来。现在因为欺骗的代价更高了，相信隐形监视器的存在帮助人们避免这种代价，可以保住小命和名誉，从而可以把他们的基因传递下去。

点评：第三段从进化生物学的角度证明相信超自然力量存在的有用性。①句提出人类具有相比渴望奖赏，更害怕惩罚的心理。②至⑤句分析人类害怕惩罚的原因。②句用问句引导读者思考。angry god指冥冥之中惩罚恶性的力量。③句说明自从语言发展，消息传播更加迅速。④句假设了一种场景，坏事不太容易隐藏，终究会纸包不住火，人们会放弃眼前的好处，避免受到惩罚。⑤句总结，因为行恶的成本增加，相比趋利，人们会优先避害，从而保护自己的生命和名誉，长久来看有利于自身发展。invisible monitor代指supernatural forces和angry god。

翻译：约翰逊特别指出，惩罚欺骗者的社会更有可能存活和发展。他引用了17世纪的英国哲

学家约翰·洛克的话：“谁否认神的存在，就根本不能被容忍。作为人类社会的纽带的承诺，契约和誓言对无神论者没有控制力或神圣力量。”这些纽带和契约统筹社会为行动和未来的计划。约翰逊本人对186个前工业化文化的研究发现，道德性的宗教信仰的在规模更大而且更复杂的社会更加普遍。道德性的宗教信仰在更复杂的社会更普遍的事实并不能证明这两者之间有因果关系。但例证的巨大的数量和种类提高了约翰逊先生理论的可信度。

点评：第四段从社会角度论证相信超自然力量存在有利于社会发展。①句提出论点，②至⑦句从理论和实地考察两方面给出论据。②③④句引用洛克的理论，说明无神论者不相信社会契约，不利于社会的团结。⑤⑥⑦句以实例进一步加强论证，道德性的宗教信仰(moralising religious beliefs)和发展更完备的社会(larger and more complex)存在相关性，虽然不能确定其为因果关系，但是也是一种强有力的证据。

翻译：他认为，宗教本能根深蒂固。但是，批判迷信的人最好被建议接受人类心理的这一条道理，而不是反对它，从而寻找更好的方式来满足人类对某种“在哪里”东西的向往。不过，这样无神论的宗教会采取什么形式，只有上帝知道。

点评：第五段总结观点，提出建议。①句重申宗教本能是人类心理固有的。②句建议无神论者接受这一事实，才能理性可观地进一步探索其奥秘。③句中atheist religion（无神论者的宗教）运用矛盾修辞法（Oxymoron），凸显这种观点的反常识性，给人以冲击，再次强调宗教信仰是人类心理的共性，不管是对有神论者还是无神论者都是如此。

第6篇

本文节选自《经济学人》2016年5月28日的一篇题为 “Love’s labour”（《爱的劳动》）的文章。情侣们在公开场合“约会”可不是从古就有的，过去的姑娘大门不出二门不迈，静候男士上门提亲。随着工业时代的到来，女性才走出家门，进入职场，求偶方式也变得复杂，和社会经济因素交织在一起，恋爱也成了一种辛苦的劳动(labor)。

原文

Ⅰ①Untill the start of the 20th century, the rules of courtship were fairly straightforward. ②Male suitors called on eligible women under the watchful eyes of concerned adults. ③Keen chaps visited regularly and with the intent to marry. ④It was a dance to which everyone knew the steps. ⑤Modern pursuers are not so lucky. ⑥Dating “often feels like the worst, most precarious form of contemporary labour: an unpaid internship,” writes Moira Weigel in “Labour of Love”, an occasionally amusing and oftenprovocative look at the work of wooing.

Ⅱ①The rules of love, Ms Weigel argues, are shaped by economics. ②The concept of “dating” only came about at the dawn of the industrial age, when new opportunities lured young people to cities indroves. ③Working women were soon exposed to an array of potential mates, but many lived intenements or boarding houses that were unfitfor hosting callers. ④So men offered to escortromantic prospects to restaurants or dance halls, luring poorly paid women with the prospect of a “free treat”.

Ⅲ①Shifting demographics also played a role. ②Falling birth-rates allowed parents to dote on fewer children, who were increasingly likely to go to school. ③Young people

began mixing in new ways, particularly once American colleges went co-ed in the 1920s. ④Perhaps it is the destiny of parents to be horrified by the habits of their children. ⑤In the 1950s many were appalled that young people were “going steady” when they should have been dutifully shopping around. ⑥Yet a shortage of American men after the second world war made it wiser for women to get cosy with one instead of playing the field.

Ⅳ①The mating marketplace has spurred countless businesses. ②In the 1920s evenrespectable ladies began painting their faces, and the cosmetics industry exploded. ③As late as the 1960s most drinking establishments barred unaccompanied women, leading one enterprising New Yorker to open a place called T.G.I. Friday’s, and the “singles bar” was born

Ⅴ①In this lively tour of changing romantic mores, Ms Weigel occasionally rambles off-course. ②She tends to bury thinly argued points beneath grand statements, and she reserves most of her sympathy for women. ③But she is right to note that modern courtship is full of mixed messages. ④Women who are pushed to “lean in” at work are often told to pull back to appeal to men. ⑤Men who may answer to women at the office are encouraged to seem invincible after hours, and pay for the pleasure, too. ⑥Ms Weigel argues that this arrangement sustains the fiction that men are still in control of courtship—and may also explain why, in these uncertain economic times, the labour of love is so terribly confusing. [449words]

(The invention of dating. May 28th, 2016. The Economist.)

词汇短语

1. *eligible [ˈelɪdʒəbl] adj. 合适的

2. chap [tʃæp] n. 小伙子

3. *precarious [prɪˈkeəriəs]adj. 不稳定的

4. *provocative [prəˈvɒkətɪv]adj. 刺激性的

5. woo [wu:] v. 求爱

6. dawn [dɔ:n] n. 黎明，开端

7. lure [lʊə(r)] v. 吸引

8. *in droves成批地

9. an array of一批

10. *tenement ['tenəmənts]n. （尤指城市贫困区的）廉租公寓

11. escort [ˈeskɔ:t] v. 护送

12. *dote [dəʊt] v. 宠爱，溺爱

13. dutifully ['dju:tɪfəlɪ]adj. 尽责的

14. cosy ['kəʊzɪ] adj. 亲切友好的

15. *play the field. 交好几个异性朋友，恋爱不专一

16. spur [spɜ:(r)] v. 刺激

17. *respectable [rɪˈspektəbl]adj. 端庄的，体面的

18. *co-ed [ˌkəʊ'ed] adj. 男女同校的

19. *mores [ˈmɔ:reɪz] n. 风俗

20. ramble [ˈræmbl] v. 漫谈，漫步

21. reserve [rɪˈzɜ:v] v. 保留

22. lean in 向前一步，跻身

23. pull back撤出阵地

24. *answer to 对某人负责（上下级关系）

25. *invincible [ɪnˈvɪnsəbl]adj. 不可战胜的

（注：标*的为超纲词）

点评

Ⅰ①Untill the start of the 20th century, 44

the rules of courtship were fairly

straightforward. ②Male suitors called on eligible women under the watchful eyes of concerned adults. ③Keen chaps visited regularly and with the intent to marry. ④It was a dance to which everyone knew the steps. ⑤Modern pursuers are not so lucky. ⑥Dating “often feels like the worst, most precarious form of contemporary labour: an unpaid internship,” writes Moira Weigel in “Labour of Love”, an occasionally amusing and oftenprovocative look at the work of wooing.

翻译：直到20世纪初，求爱的规则是相当直接的。男性追求者在担心的家长的警惕的眼皮底下拜访心仪的姑娘。热情的小伙子们怀着结婚的打算定期拜访。这是到大家都知道舞步的舞蹈。现代的追求者们却没有这么幸运。约会“经常感觉就像当代劳动最糟糕、最不稳定的形式：一段无薪实习”，莫伊拉·威格尔在《爱的劳动》中写道。这本关于求偶活动的书不时逗人发笑，常常引人思考。

点评：本文是一篇书评（Labour of Love: The Invention of Dating. By Moira Weigel. Farrar, Straus & Giroux; 292 pages; $26.）。作者夹叙夹议，总结了此书的主要内容并且指出其主要优缺点。

第一段对比工业革命前后男女求偶活动的区别。①至④句为工业革命前的情况。①句概括求偶特点(straightforward)。 ②③句具体介绍求偶步骤：男方上门拜访女方几次(call on, visit regularly)。with the intent to marry说明目的明确，诚意满满。④句用“大家都知道舞步的舞蹈”这个比喻说明过去的求偶程序固定，结果可预测。⑤⑥句为工业革命之后的情况，并且引出书评的对象。⑤句总说现代求偶者和过去对比没那么幸运（not so lucky）⑥句具体说明原因在于precarious（不确定的、不稳定的）。labour, unpaid internship暗喻求偶过程费力多，收获少。occasionally amusing and often provocative是作者对本书的评价。

Ⅱ①The rules of love, Ms Weigel argues, are shaped by economics. ②The concept of

“dating” only came about at the dawn of the industrial age, when new opportunities lured young people to cities indroves. ③Working women were soon exposed to an array of potential mates, but many lived intenements or boarding houses that were unfitfor hosting callers. ④So men offered to escortromantic prospects to restaurants or dance halls, luring poorly paid women with the prospect of a “free treat”.

翻译：威格尔女士认为，恋爱规则受到经济状况的塑造。“约会”的概念在工业时代的开端才出现，新机遇引诱年轻人对城市趋之若鹜。工作的妇女很快接触到许多潜在的配偶，但是他们很多人都住在出租屋或者宿舍，这种地方不适合招待客人。所以男性提出陪伴未来可能会发展恋情的对象去餐厅或歌舞厅，用“免费请客”的希望引诱收入不高的女性。

点评：第二段至第四段介绍现代恋爱活动和经济、人口因素的相互作用。第二段介绍经济因素对恋爱活动的塑造，①句概括经济因素影响恋爱的行程，②至⑤句详述经济发展史如何影响约会活动的。随着工业化进展，大批男女从乡村涌入城市——女性也开始工作，男女接触机会增多——居住条件恶劣，缺乏会面场所——只能去公共休闲场所。经济发展打破了女性过去大门不出，被动地在家里等待男子上门拜访提亲的格局。

Ⅲ①Shifting demographics also played a role. ②Falling birth-rates allowed parents to dote on fewer children, who were increasingly likely to go to school. ③Young people began mixing in new ways, particularly once American colleges went co-ed in the 1920s. ④Perhaps it is the destiny of parents to be horrified by the habits of their children. ⑤In the 1950s many were appalled that young people were “going steady” when they should have been dutifully shopping around. ⑥Yet a shortage of American men after the second world war made it wiser for women to get cosy with one instead of playing the field.

翻译：人口变化也发挥了作用。出生率下降让父母把关爱集中在更少的孩子身上，这些孩子上

学的机会越来越多。年轻人开始以新的方式交往，特别是当20世纪20年代美国大学允许男女同校开始。也许被自己孩子的生活习惯吓到是父母的命运。20世纪50年代许多父母被震惊到了，年轻人本该在附近尽职尽责地逛街却已经“发展稳定”。不过，二战之后美国男性短缺，和一个人深入发展关系比到游戏情场更明智。

点评：第三段介绍人口因素对恋爱活动的影响。①②句说明，因为出生率下降，家庭资源能够集中起来，更多的孩子有机会上学（尤其是女孩）。③句说明男女同校给人们提供了男女互动的机会。④⑤⑥句说明大家的交往观念更加开放，以至于让老一辈人吃惊不已。

翻译：约会的市场刺激了无数的行业。20世纪20年代，即使是端庄的女士们也开始在脸上涂涂画画，化妆品行业取得爆炸性发展。直到20世纪60年代这么晚，大部分的喝酒场所禁止女性独自入内，导致一个有商业头脑的纽约人开了一家叫做T.G.I.星期五的餐厅，自此“单身酒吧”诞生。

点评：第四段介绍恋爱活动对经济的促进作用。①句总说“约会刺激了无数的生意”。②③句以化妆品行业、单身酒吧的发明为例支持①句。

often told to pull back to appeal to men. ⑤Men who may answer to women at the office are encouraged to seem invincible after hours, and pay for the pleasure, too. ⑥Ms Weigel argues that this arrangement sustains the fiction that men are still in control of courtship—and may also explain why, in these uncertain economic times, the labour of love is so terribly confusing.

翻译：在不断变化的浪漫习俗的这个轻松之旅，威格尔女士偶尔偏离轨道。她往往在大短陈述下面隐藏论证不足的观点，而她把大部分同情都留给了女性。但她正确地指出，现代求偶充满混合的讯息。被迫在职场“向前一步”的女性常常被劝告要示弱以吸引男性。在办公室作为女性下属的男性下班后被鼓励要表现得无人匹敌，并且还要为娱乐活动买单。威格尔女士认为，这样的安排维持了男人仍然在恋爱中占控制地位的虚假印象，也可以解释为什么在这些经济不稳定的时期，爱的活动是这么可怕的混乱。

点评：第五段为总结和评价本书的优缺点。①句lively tour（轻松之旅）是作者对本书阅读体验的总体评价；ramble一语双关，既有漫步(walk for pleasure with no special destination)的意思照应前面的tour，又有漫谈(wander in one's talk or writing by not keeping to the subject)的意思和off-course相契合，从而说明本书的基调是轻松愉快的，但是偶尔会有些离题。②句指出本书有两个缺陷：有些观点论证不足和给予女性更多同情（有偏见）。③④⑤⑥句说明本书的见解深刻之处。③句概括求偶活动传达混乱的信息。④从女性角度说明，工作中强势的女士在情场上要表现得弱势。“lean in” 来自Facebook首席运营官谢丽尔·桑德伯格（一位非常成功的女性高管）的一本畅销书Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will（中文译名《向前一步》，主要传授女性在职场中取得成功的经验）。lean in (to incline or press into something)形象生动地描绘出女性奋力“跻身”进入职场的画面。pull back（退兵、退却）和lean in 形成强烈的对比，从而说明混乱的信息(mixed messages)。⑤句从男性的角度说明，即使在工作中是下属的男性在约会中也要表现强势。answer to 的意思是to be under the supervision of someone“在某人的领导下”; to report to someone“对某人汇报”。⑥句总结这种观点强化了一种虚假(fiction)印象。

第7篇

本文选自《卫报》2016年6月21日一篇名为“Be afraid, Donald Trump. We're about to see the best of Barack Obama”（《害怕了吧，川普，奥巴马要反击了》）的文章。文章首先刻画了奥巴马面临的舆论危机：因回避使用“伊斯兰极端主义”这个字眼，特朗普质疑其同情伊斯兰孔袭分子，加之此前特朗普对奥巴马公民身份的怀疑，矛盾加剧。随即文章呈现了双方的态度与言论，剑拔弩张。作者认为，奥巴马通过“美国价值观”的角度剑走偏锋，辅之以其冷静客观的应对方式技高一筹，并对此给出了积极评价。全文思路清晰，表达精炼，生动明快。

原文

I ①What do you say about a man who first questioned your birth and then your allegiance to your country? ②How do you respond to someone who thinks the best way to get your job is to accuse you of being weak and suggest you’re on the side of your nation’s enemies?

II ①For Barack Obama and his senior aides, these are not abstract questions. ②Donald Trump maytrigger a widespread sense of disbelief and disgust among Democrats. ③But inside the White House, they don’t have the luxury of expressing those feelings in public.

III ①So when the moment came for speaking out loud last week, the US president’s response was both highly personal and intensely measured. ②Less than three days after the Orlando carnage, Obama was scheduled to talk to his own national council. ③This time he wanted to do more than update a grieving and fearful nation about his counter-terrorism strategy. ④He wanted to talk about another battle, a uniquely

Washington one, about a single phrase: “Islamic extremism”.

IV ①Obama’s obvious reluctance to say those two words had become the single biggest Republicancritique of his war against Isis. ②Whether his opponents were for or against military action in Syria, they could all agree on the talking points that suggested the commander-in-chief could not wagewar against an enemy he could not name.

V ①So why not use the words “radical Islam”? ②Obama explained he wanted to avoid echoing thepropaganda of Isis and al-Qaida that would turn their terrorism into a religious war. ③“If we fall into the trap of painting all Muslims with a broad brush and imply that we are at war with an entire religion, then we’re doing the terrorists’ work for them.”

VI ①This is how Obama will fight the 2016 election: not by trolling Donald Trump directly but by arguing that he is undermining American values. ②In other words, his response to a candidate who questioned his citizenship is to argue about the nature of American citizenship.

VII ①It was Joe Biden who warned back in 2008 that when the world tried to test Barack Obama, “they’re going to find out this guy’s got steel in his spine”. ②Now, as Trump is testing him, the response from Obama is as cold and clinical as Trump is hot-headed.

(Be afraid, Donald Trump. We're about to see the best of Barack Obama. By Richard Wolffe. June 21st, 2016. The Guardian.)

词汇短语

1. allegiance [ə'li: dʒ(ə)ns] n. 效忠，忠诚

2*. carnage ['kɑ: nɪdʒ] n. 大屠杀，残杀

3. Islamic extremism 伊斯兰极端主义

4. reluctance [rɪ'lʌkt(ə)ns]n. 勉强，不情愿

5. critique [krɪ'ti: k] n. 批评，评论文章

6*. Isis伊斯兰国和大叙利亚伊斯兰国

（Islamic State and Islamic State ofIraq and al Shams）

7. commander-in-chief [kə'ma:ndəin tʃi:f] n. 总司令

8. wage [weɪdʒ] v. 进行，开展

9. radical ['rædɪk(ə)l] a. 激进的

10. echo ['ekəʊ] v. 重复（或模仿）（别人的）话（或思想感情等）

11. propaganda [prɒpə'gændə]n. 宣传（机构）

12*. al-Qaida [æl'kaidə] n. 基地组织

13. troll [trəʊl] v. 高声地唱（或说），洪亮地唱（或说）

14. spine [spaɪn] n. 脊柱，脊椎

15. clinical ['klɪnɪk(ə)l]a. 客观的，不动感情的，平心静气的

16. hot-headed [hɔtˈhedid]a. 急躁鲁莽的

（注：标*的为超纲词）

点评

翻译：有人先是质疑你的出身，然后质疑你对国家的忠诚，你会怎样表态呢？有人认为取代你获得这份工作的最好方法就是指控你能力不足，暗示你伙同国家的敌人，你会怎样回应呢？

点评：首段设问式开头，侧面刻画出奥巴马面临的舆论危机，假设情景提示后文内容，引起读者好奇，拉近与读者间距离。奥巴马与特朗普的矛盾由来已久。特朗普曾质疑奥巴马不是出生在美国的合法公民，称他“不是美国人”（question your birth）；此外，在本周一的一次采访中，特朗普甚至暗示，奥巴马在某种程度上同情伊斯兰恐袭分子（question your allegiance to your country），①句由此而来。first...then体现了特朗普的得寸进尺与奥巴马的不堪其扰。②句进一步暗示了这些举措背后的动机：get your job，而具体的方式就是损毁你的形象（accuse you of being

weak）以及打上负面的标签（suggest you’re on the side of your nation’s enemies）。What do you say about和how do you respond to引发的读者的思考，同时也为下文奥巴马的态度与做法设置了悬念。

翻译：对于奥巴马和他的高级助理来说，这些问题都是实实在在的。唐纳德·特朗普可能会在民主党派中掀起一场广泛的怀疑与厌恶情绪。而身处白宫之内，他们并没有面对公众直抒胸臆的大好机会。

点评：段II为描写奥巴马公开言论铺垫背景。首先①句承上启下，点明事件的主人公奥巴马和他的团队，同时通过正话反说（not abstract）委婉指出上文的这些问题正是主人公亟待解决的。②句则点出了矛盾的另一方特朗普，并高度概括了他行为的潜在影响（disbelief and disgust），widespread则体现了波及范围之广，影响力度之大。正当读者好奇主人公会如何应对时，作者③句转而指出现实的制约：身为国家要员，他们无法像普通人一样直抒胸臆，一言一行都要非常谨慎，一个luxury刻画出了一种无奈：奥巴马身为一国总统，就连普通人随时随地都能采取的行为都成为了一种奢望。

Washington one, about a single phrase: “Islamic extremism”.

翻译：所以，当上周终于能够公开发表观点的时候，奥巴马的发言既充满个人色彩又非常拿捏得当。距离奥兰多枪击事件还不到三天，奥巴马根据日程要与他的国家安全委员会进行谈话。这次，他不仅要向悲伤恐惧的民众阐述最新的反恐战略，还想要谈谈另一场战争，一场华盛顿独有的战争，这场战争只关乎一个词——“伊斯兰极端主义”。

点评：段III顺接上文，对奥巴马的回应总体做出了评价，并借时事的话题自然过渡到文章叙述的主要内容：Islamic extremism这一词汇的使用问题。①句承上启下，总统无法直抒胸臆只能广而告之，于是机会来了。作者对于奥巴马回应的评价高度浓缩为两个词：highly personal和intensely measured，这两个词首先结构类似，对称规整，后一个词定性，前一个词加深程度；其次暗含相反相成的深刻内涵，根据②句铺设的背景，highly personal是指奥巴马在就奥兰多枪击事件（carnage一词再次渲染了事件的严重性）及反恐问题发表的公开演说中，一向沉稳的他表现出了少见的激动和愤怒，甚至指名道姓批评共和党总统候选人特朗普，多家美国媒体都表示，从没见过奥巴马这么生气，而另一方面，奥巴马又在极力克制，没有被情绪冲昏头脑，试图以理服人，因此又使用了intensely measured。③④两句this time，more than，another通过对比体现奥巴马此番回应的与众不同之处，update一词也暗示了枪击事件不止一次，③句中的counter和④句中的battle实现了句间衔接，single通过与battle这种大词的鲜明对比反衬出Islamic extremism这个词的重要性。

翻译：奥巴马很明显回避使用这个词，这也成为了共和党人在对抗Isis的问题上针对他唯一的

也是最大的批判点。不论他的对手们在叙利亚军事行动的问题上是支持还是反对，但在措辞的这个问题上，倒是一致支持要借此暗示一点：他们的军事总司令不能对敌宣战——他连敌人是谁都说不上来。

点评：段IV开始针对这个问题介绍双方的情况，首先是奥巴马对手们的立场与言论。①句指出共和党炮轰的点在于奥巴马对该词的回避，并用了single and biggest进行描述，暗示出作者倾向奥巴马方的情感态度。恐袭发生后，特朗普多次在推特发帖批评奥巴马不够强硬，并屡屡质疑奥巴马为什么从不使用“极端伊斯兰主义”这个词。共和党人甚至可以放下对叙利亚军事行动的争议对此取得了一致意见，进一步凸显此事的严重性。②句中以荒谬的说法体现共和党人观点的尖锐——身为总司令冒冒失失发动战争却连作战的对象都说不上来。

翻译：所以为什么要回避“激进的伊斯兰主义”这个词呢？奥巴马解释说是想避免对Isis和基地组织的煽动作出回应，否则就会把对方的恐怖主义变为一场宗教战争。奥巴马说：“如果我们掉进了恐怖分子的圈套，把穆斯林都划归一类，就暗示着我们对整个宗教宣战，那么我们就是在为虎作伥。”

点评：段V于是从奥巴马的立场给出了解释。①句顺承读者的思路提出问题，引出下文。②句给出了核心论点：一是为了避免钻进恐怖分子的圈套，二是为了避免战争的政治性错误。③句随即引用总统原话进一步论述②句，paint all...with a broad brush比喻生动，相当于中文里的“一刀切”“一棍子打死一群人”等俗语。这两句通过对同样信息的变换说法实现了句间衔街：echoing the

propaganda与fall into the trap和doing the terrorists’ work for them对应，turn their terrorism into a religious war.与at war with an entire religion对应。

翻译：这就是奥巴马为2016年大选助力的方式：不是直接针对特朗普高声反驳，而是指出该言论正在损毁美国价值观。也就是说，他对于一个质疑自己公民身份的候选人的回应就是去辩论什么才是真正的美国人。

点评：段VI总结指出奥巴马策略的实质。特朗普曾质疑奥巴马不是出生在美国的合法公民，称他“不是美国人”（questioned his citizenship），而奥巴马在演讲中的实力回呛，则被NBC，CNN等多家美国媒体评价为，奥巴马试图在价值观上证明——“特朗普才不是美国人”（he is undermining American values），也就是作者指出的argue about the nature of American citizenship。

翻译：当世人都在试图考验奥巴马时，是乔•拜登在2008年反过来提醒道：“他们会发现的，这个人（奥巴马）拥有铮铮铁骨”。现在，当特朗普在考验他时，奥巴马的回应冷静客观，反倒显得特朗普急躁鲁莽了。

点评：至此，读者已经清楚地知道了奥巴马剑走偏锋的思路与意图，最后一段于是在此基础之上对两者进行对比，表明作者自身的立场。①句借拜登的评价先做铺垫，回顾2008年奥巴马刚上任时受到的质疑（warned back说明奥巴马受到了很多人的warning在先），拜登的一句力挺体现了其远见卓识，sb got steel in his spine是美国的一句俗语，刚好对应中文里的“铮铮铁骨”，用来形容一个人刚正不阿、坚强不屈的骨气。②句转而述今(now)，通过对比我们可以发现作者的微妙语气：2008年面临全世界人民的考验时，奥巴马都挺过来了，而现在区区特朗普的考验，更是不足为患。As cold as clinical中的clinical属于熟词辟义，与“临床的”不同，这里的意思是cold and calm and without feeling or sympathy，“冷淡的，无动于衷的”，与特朗普的hot-headed形成鲜明对比，高下立见，呼应了标题对奥巴马的肯定：We're about to see the best of Barack Obama。

第8篇

本文节选自2016年6月《评论》杂志一篇名为 “ ‘Masterpieces’ Without Masters” （《没有大师的大师作品》）的文章。过去只有世界公认大师最重要的作品才能叫做masterpiece，这个词现在却被滥用了。流行文化作品虽然有些能达到很高的艺术水准，但是和过去的高雅文化还是有本质的区别，那就是其创作方式是集体的，而非个人的。原文较长，此处只选取一部分，有兴趣的同学请移步原文（下面有链接）。

原文

Ⅰ①Nowadays, it seems, anything and everything can qualify as a masterpiece: a hit single, a theme park, even a video game. ②And while the artistic merits of some of these objets d’art can be defended, it is tempting to suggest that the word itself has become, like “fascist” and “racist,”devalued by indiscriminate usage to the point of vacuity. ③Its meaning has shifted.

Ⅱ①Most under-50 art lovers take pop culture very seriously indeed. ②So they should, not merely because it is popular but because so much of it, especially in this country, is so good. ③Like the masterpieces of earlier eras, these works infuse familiar forms and materials with a creative energy that allows them to transcend their mundane origins.

for his Fifth Symphony. ④But then came Hollywood movies and TV series, commercial products manufactured not by individual artists but by teams of artisans whose members collaborate so closely that it is often difficult to the point of impossibility to ascribe principal creative credit to any one of them. ⑤Who, then, is the “author” of Chinatown? ⑥No one, in the usual meaning of the word. ⑦It is the result of a collective process of creation, a masterpiece without a master.

Ⅳ①Something is bound to be lost in a culture where the best-known art is created collectively for commercial purposes rather than being motivated solely by the individual artist’s own need for self-expression. ②For all their self-evident excellence, movies like Chinatown and Godfatherand cable-TV series like TheWireand Breaking Badare all thrillers of one kind or another. ③To be sure, they use the familiar conventions of genre fiction to explore many other aspects of American life, but somebody almost always gets shot in the last reel, just as a pop song, no matter how well-crafted and emotionally moving it may be, is rarely ever more than four minutes long.

Ⅴ①The very best modern American artists, by contrast, have not accepted the narrow restrictions imposed by pop culture. ②They go their own way—and do their own work. ③As a result, they reflect in every way the creative visions of their makers, whose styles are personal to a degree that no collectively made work of art can hope to rival. ④They are masterpieces in the purest sense of the word.[463words]

(‘Masterpieces’ Without Masters. By Terry Teachout. June 16, 2016. Commentary）

原文链接：

https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/masterpieces-without-masters/

词汇短语

1. merit [ˈmerɪt] n. 价值

2. *objets d’art （法语）艺术品

3. *devalue[ˌdi:ˈvælju:] v. 使贬值

4. *indiscriminate [ˌɪndɪsˈkrɪmɪnət] adj. 不加选择的

5. vacuity [vəˈkju:əti] n. 真空

6. *infuse [ɪnˈfju:z] v. 浸泡，使充满

7. *transcend[trænˈsend] v. 超越

8. *mundane [mʌnˈdeɪn] adj. 寻常的

9. *ascribe [əˈskraɪb] v. 把……归于

10. credit [ˈkredɪt] n. 荣誉

11. be bound to 注定

12. reel [ri:l] n.卷轴

点评

翻译：在当代，似乎任何东西都资格被称为杰作：一首热门歌曲、一座主题公园、甚至是一款电子游戏。尽管这当中某些艺术品可能存在艺术价值，但是似乎在暗示这个词本身因为不加区别地使用而贬值，甚至变成空白，就像“法西斯主义者”和“种族主义者”一样。它的意思已经发生了变化。

点评：段Ⅰ提出一种现象：现在人们不加区别地使用masterpiece（杰作）这个词，其“宏伟庄严”的含义已经被稀释了。①句anything and everything（任何东西和所有东西）看似重复，实际上是加强语气，惋惜masterpiece已经被用得烂大街了。冒号之后举例，歌曲、主题公园、电子游戏和masterpiece放在一起的确有些违和感。even（甚至），再一次传达出作者的惊讶之情。②句让步指出，尽管这些作品可能有价值，但是masterpiece的词义似乎确实变了。objets d’art 指工艺品，（特别是和传统意义的绘画、雕塑等高雅艺术不同的小玩意儿）。作者是要强调，这些东西只能叫做objets d’art , 算不上是masterpiece。can be defended（可以被辩护的）暗示真正的传世之作优秀得太明显，根本无需defend。论文答辩也用defend 这个词是同样的道理，论文不奢求有你有惊世发现，能自圆其说即可。devalue, indiscriminate, vacuity都略带贬义，可见作者的态度。③句简洁有力地概括②句，masterpiece的词义发生了变化。本段以词开篇，以词收尾，似乎只是就事论事，没有太多发散，但是已经蓄势待发。

materials with a creative energy that allows them to transcend their mundane origins.

翻译：大部分50岁以下的艺术爱好者确实非常严肃地看待流行文化。他们理应如此，不仅仅因为流行文化很流行，而且因为许多流行文化都非常出色，特别是在美国。和早期时代的杰作一样，这些艺术品让熟悉的形式和材料充满使之超越其平庸原作的创造性力量。

点评：段Ⅱ先退一步说明流行文化的确有优秀作品。①句指出，很多人都认真对待流行文化。pop culture一词概括了上文的流行歌曲、主题公园、电子游戏等作品的归属。作者特意提出under-50（50岁以下），因为更早的时代，人们接受的还是传统古典艺术的熏陶，也许不能客观看待流行文化。②句给出作者自己的看法，的确应该这样，因为有些流行文化很优秀。③句紧接上句，说明流行文化的优秀之处。用Like比较流行文化作品和masterpiece的共同点，the masterpieces of earlier eras 用介词短语of earlier aras修饰the masterpiece,用以区分“之前的杰作”和“现在的所谓的杰作”，暗示作者不太愿意用masterpiece这个词称呼现代艺术品。creative energy，transcend 指出流行作品的优点。

Ⅲ①Yet something distinguishes these “masterpieces” from their high-art counterparts, something that is implicit in the very act of their creation—and is central to the nature of pop culture itself. ②As the Cambridge AcademicContent Dictionary reminds us, the word “masterpiece” once referred to the single greatest work of a master. ③No one helped Tolstoy write War and Peace, any more than Beethoven used an orchestrator for his Fifth Symphony. ④But then came Hollywood movies and TV series, commercial products manufactured not by individual artists but by teams of artisans whose members collaborate so closely that it is often difficult to the point of impossibility to ascribe principal creative credit to any one of them. ⑤Who, then, is the “author” of Chinatown? ⑥No one, in the usual meaning of the word. ⑦It is the result of a collective process of creation, a masterpiece without a master.

翻译：但是，有些东西把这些“杰作”和高雅艺术区分开来，它恰恰暗藏于其创作行为中——并且这是流行文化本质的核心。《剑桥学术目录词典》提醒我们，“杰作”这个词曾经指某大师最伟大的作品。没有人帮助托尔斯泰写《战争与和平》，正如贝多芬创作《第五交响曲》也没有动用管弦乐队帮忙。但是，后来出现了好莱坞电影和电视剧，这不是艺术家个人的创作，而是多组工匠合作完成的商业产品，他们的合作非常紧密，以至于常常无法把主要的创作荣誉归于其中任何一个人。那么，到底谁是《唐人街》的“作者”？按照这个词的通常的意思来看，谁都不是。它是集体创新过程的产物，是没有大师的大师之作。

点评：段Ⅲ一针见血地指出流行文化和masterpiece的本质区别。作者并没有从主观的艺术价值上评判，而是从流行文化制作方式这一客观事实出发。these “masterpieces” 打上引号，突出作者的不承认态度。②句引用权威词典解释，说明masterpiece过去指大师个人创作的最伟大的作品。有一种高山仰止的巍峨感，这样的作品肯定是稀少的。③句以小说和音乐为例说明过去的大师作品都是独立完成。④至⑦指出当代诞生新的艺术形式（电影、电视剧）的优秀作品由集体创作。

翻译：这种文化中有些东西必定会缺失，这种文化中最出名的艺术作品是为了商业目的集体创作出来的，而不是纯粹由艺术家个人自我表达的需求而驱动的。《唐人街》、《教父》这样的电影和《火线》、《绝命毒师》这样的有线电视剧都明显很出色，这毋庸赘言，他们都是这种或那种的惊悚片。

不可否认，他们利用类型片的常用手法探索美国生活的许多其他方面，但是结局几乎总是有人中枪，这就像流行歌曲，不管是制作多么精良，情感多么动人，长度从来很少超过四分钟。

点评：段Ⅳ分析集体创作存在的三个限制。①句指出从动机上指出，集体创作的流行文化以商业为目的，和过去个人情感表达需求驱动不同。②句指出流行文化产品题材单一。为了迎合市场口味，优秀作品大多都是吸引眼球的犯罪片、惊悚片。③句指出流行文化产品的模式单一，而且受到形式局限性很大。比如，电影的结尾总有人中枪死掉，流行音乐无法突破长度限制。

翻译：相反，最好的现代美国艺术家并没有接受流行文化强加的狭窄限制。他们按自己的方法行事——而且创作自己的作品。结果是，这些作品从各方面折射出作者极富创造的想象力，其风格极具个人特色，这个程度不是集体创作的作品能够比得上的。它们是最纯正意义上的杰作。

点评：段Ⅴ指出当代最优秀的艺术家能够突破流行文化的限制。传达出作者的欣慰和期待。虽然目前是集体创作的流行文化的主场，但是依旧有人坚持独立创作，这才是最纯正的masterpiece。①句指出当代最优秀的艺术家能够超越流行文化的限制，narrow restrictions imposed by pop culture说明流行文化需要短平快才能流行，这给艺术创作设下太多限制。②句指出超越限制的方法：独立创作。③句指出结果，作品的独特个人风格是是集体创作无法达到的。④收束全文，purest和第一段的devalued形成呼应，这才是真正意义上的杰作。

第9篇

本文节选自《科学美国人》2016年5月1日一篇名为“ This Drug Ad Is Not Right for You” （《这个药品广告不适合你》）的文章。美国电视上的处方药广告满天飞，药厂声称这能够帮助观众增长健康知识，但是说得再天花乱坠也不能掩盖广告的本质——卖产品。现在终于有了一纸禁令，这项举措利国利民，只会让药厂不高兴。

原文

Ⅰ①Television ads for erectile dysfunction, stroke or toenail fungus treatments have been called both a boon and a curse. ②Drugmakers assert that promoting their products makes patients aware of conditions they can then flag for their doctor.

Ⅱ①Yet every developed country except the U.S. and New Zealand prohibits such direct-to-consumer prescription drug ads. ②It is hard to see educational value in commercials on American TV that show radiant models relaxing before a tryst, accompanied by voice-overs that warn of possible side effects, including difficulty breathing and an unsafe drop in blood pressure.

Ⅲ①An ad that conflates an aura of glowing health and the prospect of an amorous liaison with a list of dire cardiovascular symptoms is a paradigm of confused messaging because it does not provide the viewer with a clear guide to weighing both benefits and costs entailed in using a prescription medicine. ②Absent further interpretation, the underlying message reduces to: Sex or death—which will it be? ③Of course, the ads always end with an admonition to “ask your doctor....”

Ⅳ①Now, finally, the doctors are giving an answer. ②In November 2015 the American Medical Association asked for a ban on these ads, saying that they are partially responsible for theskyrocketing costs of drugs. ③The World Health Organization and other groups have previouslyendorsed such restrictions.

Ⅴ①In 2014 pharmaceutical companies spent $4.5 billion on consumer ads, mostly for television, a 30 percent rise from two years before. ②The pitches can drum up sales on higher-priced medications that can drive up drug costs when less expensive alternatives are sometimes available.

Ⅵ①Many of the newest ads are for premium drugs for life-threatening diseases or rare conditions that can cost tens of thousands of dollars and require large, out-of-pocket patient co-payments. ②After seeing an ad, patients may press physicians for a prescription without understanding the complex criteria needed to determine eligibility for treatment.

Ⅶ①Despite industry rhetoric about educating the consumer, the ads do what ads do—promote the advertiser's product while failing to note these complexities or alternative options. ②Last October a Kaiser Family Foundation survey found that 28 percent of people who viewed a drug ad subsequently asked a physician about the medicine and that 12 percent walked out with a prescription.

Ⅷ①A ban would be a welcome step toward trimming the nation's lofty drug bills—and it would rid the airwaves of purported health messages that baffle more than they inform. ②It is unclear, though, whether any prohibition passed by Congress would pass muster in the courts. ③Pharma would undoubtedly mount a legal challenge, claiming that the law

violates First Amendment protections for commercial speech. [441words]

(“This Drug Ad Is Not Right for You”. By The Editors. May 1, 2016. Scientific American.)

词汇短语

1. *erectile[ɪˈrektaɪl] adj. 勃起的

2. *dysfunction[dɪs'fʌŋkʃn] n. 机能障碍

3. *toenail [ˈtəʊneɪl] n. 脚趾甲

4. *fungus [ˈfʌŋgəs] n. 真菌

5. flag [flæg] v. 标示( 熟词僻意）

6. *prescription [prɪˈskrɪpʃn] n. 处方药

7. *radiant [ˈreɪdiənt] adj. 容光焕发的

8. *tryst [trɪst] n. 约会地点

9. *voice-over [ˈvɔɪsˌəʊvə] n. 画外音

10. *conflate [kənˈfleɪt] v. 合并

11. *aura [ˈɔ:rə] n. 光环

12. *amorous [ˈæmərəs] adj. 爱情的

13. *liaison [liˈeɪzn] n. 联络

14. *dire [ˈdaɪə(r)] adj. 可怕的

15. *cardiovascular [ˌkɑ:diəʊˈvæskjələ(r)] adj. 心血管的

16. paradigm [ˈpærədaɪm] n. 范例

17. entail [ɪnˈteɪl] v. 牵涉

18. *admonition [ˌædməˈnɪʃn] n. 告诫

19. *skyrocketing [s'kaɪrɒkɪtɪŋ] n. 猛涨

20. endorse [ɪnˈdɔ:s] v. 支持

21. pitch [pɪtʃ] n. 说教(熟词僻意）

22. drum up 招徕，鼓吹

23. drive up使…上升

24. *premium [ˈpri:miəm] adj. 高昂的

25. out-of-pocket 现金支出成本

26. *eligibility [ˌelɪdʒə'bɪlətɪ] n. 合格

27. *rhetoric [ˈretərɪk] n. 花言巧语，雄辩术

28. *trim [ˈtrɪmɪŋ] v. 削减

29. *lofty [ˈlɒfti] adj. 高耸的

30. *airwave ['eəˌweɪv] n. 电视

31. *purported [pə(r)'pɔː(r)tɪd] adj.声称的

32. baffle[ˈbæfl] v.使迷惑

33. pass muster 达到要求

34. *pharma ['fɑːmə] n. 制药公司

35. *mount [maʊnt] v. 发起，组织

(标*的为超纲词汇）

点评

Ⅰ①Television ads for erectile dysfunction, stroke or toenail fungus treatments have

been called both a boon and a curse. ②Drugmakers assert that promoting their products makes patients aware of conditions they can then flag for their doctor.

翻译：关于勃起功能障碍、中风或者脚趾甲霉菌的电视广告被称为恩惠和诅咒的并存。制药公司声称，宣传他们的产品能让病人发现自己的病症，然后他们知道该怎样描述给医生。

点评：Ⅰ-Ⅲ指出处方药广告具有危害性。Ⅰ段开门见山，指出电视上卖药广告具有两面性，下文围绕boon and curse展开，但是作者没有笔墨匀分地讨论药品广告的好处和坏处，而是批判药品广告好处没有，坏处多多。①句a boon or a curse 是很地道的表达“两面性、优缺点”的短语，类似的还有 “a coin has two sides”, “two-edged sword”。②句中的assert（宣称），一般都暗示不辨真假，也许有夸大其词或者虚假成分。makes patients aware of conditions 指的是，不看不知道，看了广告之后才发现身体的一些状况居然是一种病，还有专门的名字，随后俨然成了专家，还严肃地告诉医生我得了什么什么病，给我开这个那个药。此处的flag是熟词僻意，意思是“标出，引起某人注意”。

翻译：但是，除了美国和新西兰之外，所有发达国家都禁止这种处方药的直销广告。很难看出来美国电视上播放的这种广告有什么教育价值：约会之前，容光焕发的模特让自己放松下来，伴随的画外音警告可能的副作用，包括呼吸困难，危险的血压下降。

点评：Ⅱ段①句紧承上段末尾，制药厂家才声称广告有教育作用，就马上转折(yet)，除了美国

和新西兰，所有的发达国家都禁止处方药在大众媒体上打广告。从而否定了boon的方面，并且引发读者思考为什么会这样。②句顺而给出原因，直接打脸boon：所谓的教育作用根本不存在。

翻译：把健康活泼的气氛、对暧昧关系的期望和一列可怕的心血管症状联系在一起的广告是让人困惑的宣传的典型，因为它没有给观众提供明确的指导，要充分权衡服用处方药的好处和代价。更多的解释被省略了，潜台词缩短为：性和死——将会是哪个？当然，广告结尾总会有一个警告：“请遵医嘱……。”

点评：Ⅲ段继续深化对卖药广告的批评，不止没有声称的教育作用，还会让人产生困惑(paradigm of confused messaging)。因为广告隐去了很多重要的信息，只强调处方药物的作用，而不谈其危害。

翻译：现在，终于，医生给出了一个回应。2015年11月，美国医学协会要求禁止这些广告，说他们对天价药费负部分责任。世界卫生组织和其他机构先前就表示支持这类禁令。

点评：Ⅳ-Ⅴ段指出美国医学协会最近要求禁止这些卖药广告及其原因。Ⅳ段①句的now和finally表达出一种翘首以盼，终于等到这一天的心情。②句saying...现在分词短语作状语，解释禁止原因，这些广告让药费大大增长。

翻译：2014年制药公司在广告费上花了45亿美元，大部分是电视广告，比两年前增加了30%。高声叫卖能够提高高价药品的销量，从而增加药费支出，虽然市面上有价格较低的同类药物。

点评：Ⅴ段用具体数字说明天价的广告费，以及这些费用转嫁到民众身上，成为沉重的负担。

翻译：许多最新的广告是宣传治疗威胁生命的疾病或者罕见病的新药，治疗这种病可能要花费数万美元，还需要大笔保险外患者共同支付。看到广告后，患者在可能会在没搞清楚否对症的情况下，逼迫医生开药方。

点评：Ⅵ-Ⅶ段分析卖药广告的性质和其强大的洗脑能力。最近打广告的都是针对致命或者罕见病的药物(for life-threatening diseases or rare conditions)，价格高昂(premium)（Ⅵ段①句）。

作者推测（may)，重病在身的患者可能容易病急乱寻药，要求医生给自己开这用药（Ⅵ段②句）。

翻译：尽管制药商口若悬河，把广告说成是对消费者的教育，但是广告就是广告——目的是提高产品的销量，却闭口不谈病症的复杂性或者提醒患者有其他的选择。去年10月，凯撒家庭基金会的一项调查发现38%看到广告的人向医生询问这种药物，12%拿着处方出了门。

点评：Ⅶ段进一步说明，不仅是药品性质本身有强大的诱惑力，广告呈现方式还煽情而且简单粗暴，不谈复杂的适用条件，让患者搞不清楚情况（Ⅶ段①句）。Ⅶ段②句回应上段的推测，实际调查结果证明了这种推测，很多患者的确会要求医生开药。

翻译：这样的一纸禁令会是个受欢迎的有利于消减美国臃肿药费账单的举措——而且它可以让电视上少一些虚假的健康消息，号称是教育观众，但只会让观众更加迷惑。但是，不确定的是，国会通过的任何禁令是否会能过法院一关。制药厂商肯定会发起法律反击，声称这个禁令违反了保护商业言论的宪法第一修正案。

点评：Ⅷ段回到禁令，句①评价其积极意义：能够减少药费支出，减少观众迷惑。②③句表达了这个禁令能否最终通过的忧虑，因为制药厂商肯定会反对。

第10篇

选段出自《卫报》2016年6月13日一篇名为“ Young people’s passion for a fairer world should be embraced, not ridiculed”（《年轻人对更公平世界的热情应该被理解，而非嘲弄》）的文章。文章从克莱尔·福克斯的新作《我感到被冒犯》谈起，对其观点进行批驳，认为对于当前年轻人敢于挺身而出直言不讳的行为应该予以接受、欢迎，而非打压、嘲笑。本文原文篇幅较长，选段只截取了前半部分，希望读者通过阅读可以加深对驳论文的理解，并积累重点词汇。

原文

I. ①Imagine you have voiced an opinion on something and it has not gone down well. ②Someone says they find what you have said upsetting, perhaps because of their own lived experience or a more general sense of it being unfair.

II. ①You have two options. ②You could say: “I’m sorry! I hadn’t thought about the potential impact of my words. I will be more considerate in future.” ③Or you might reply: “I had anticipatedmy view might cause some anguish, but I consider your feelings less important than the point I’m trying to make.”

III. ①Director of the Institute of Ideas Claire Fox, however, seems instead to have taken a third way. ②In a series of articles promoting her latest book, I Find That Offensive!, Fox has accused today’s young people, particularly girls, of being a “namby-pamby generation” and behaving like “snowflakes”, who cannot deal with being challenged.

IV. ①She cites an incidentin which she spoke to a group of A-level students about the Ched Evans rape trial, expressing incredulity at their subsequentdistress.② She goes on to

outline herscathing appraisal of today’s teens, accusing them of narcissismand emotional weakness.

V. ①We live in a time where those who have been historically silenced – the LGBTQ community, the working classes, ethnic minorities, people with mental illnesses – are finally able to stick their heads above the proverbialparapet, even if sometimes this means carving out “safe spaces” where their voices can be heard over the relentlessdinof consumerist capitalism and patriarchalvalues. ②This is something to celebrate – it heralds a time when human beings are more respectful of one another and understand that there is no such thing as “normal”.

VI. ①The bravery required to call out attitudes one finds distastefulis a trait to be admired. ②It doesn’t threaten free speech – it broadens debate. ③It pulls at the threads of our internalfabrics, questions the attitudes and preconceptions we take for granted and asks if there might be a better, kinder way.

(“Young people’s passion for a fairer world should be embraced, not ridiculed.” By Natasha Devon. June 13th 2016. The Guardian.)

词汇短语

1. voice [vɔɪs] vt. 表达；吐露

2. upsetting [ʌp'sɛtɪŋ] adj. 令人心烦意乱的，令人苦恼的

3. potential [pə'tɛnʃl] adj. 潜在的；可能的

4. considerate [kənˈsɪdərɪt]adj. 体贴的；体谅的；考虑周到的

5. anticipate [æn'tɪsə'pet]vt. 预期，期望

6. anguish ['æŋɡwɪʃ] n. 痛苦；苦恼

7. *namby-pamby [,næmbi'pæmbi]adj. 矫饰的；感伤的

8. incident ['ɪnsɪdənt] n. 事件，事变；插曲

9. trial ['traɪəl] n. 试验；审讯；努力；磨炼

10. *incredulity [,ɪnkrə'djʊləti]n. 怀疑；不轻信，不易相信

11. subsequent ['sʌbsɪkwənt] adj. 后来的，随后的

12. distress [dɪ'strɛs] n. 危难，不幸；贫困；悲痛

13. *scathing['skeðɪŋ] adj. 严厉的；损伤的

14. appraisal [ə'prezl] n. 评价；估价（尤指估价财产，以便征税）；估计

15. *narcissism ['nɑrsɪ'sɪzəm] n.[心理] 自恋，自我陶醉

16. *proverbial [prə'vɝbɪəl] adj. 谚语的；众所周知的；谚语式的

17. *parapet ['pærəpɪt] n. 栏杆；扶手；矮护墙

18. *relentless [rɪ'lɛntləs] adj. 无情的；残酷的；不间断的

19. *din[dɪn] n. 喧嚣

20. *patriarchal [,petrɪ'ɑrkl]adj. 家长的；族长的；由族长统治的

21. *herald ['hɛrəld] vt. 通报；预示…的来临

22. *distasteful [dɪs'testfl] adj. 令人不快的；不合口味的；表示厌恶的

23. fabric ['fæbrɪk] n. 纤维织物

24. preconception [,prikən'sɛpʃən]n. 偏见；先入之见；预想

（注：标*的为超纲词）

点评

翻译：试想这样一个场景，你表达了一种观点却没有很好地被人接受。有人说他们觉得你的话惹人心烦，这或许是由于他们的生活经历所致，或许是由一种更为普遍的不公平感引起。

点评：段I用场景设置的方法引人思考个人观点未能成功被人接受的情形。句①以imagine引

起的祈使句开头，促使读者进入这样一种个人观点未能成功被人接受的场景。句②则是对该情形的进一步说明，阐述了某观点未被成功接受的可能原因，并引出文章关键词之一unfair（意为，不公平的）。

翻译：面对此种场景，你有两个选择。你可以说：“实在抱歉！我没料想到自己的话语会带来这样的影响。以后我会更加注意的。”或者还可以如此回答：“我想到了自己的观点可能会引起一些不快，但我认为你的感受并没有我要传达的观点重要。”

点评：段II承接上段，对段I所设置的场景给出了两种不同回答。句①直接点明有两种处理方式。句②给出第一种处理方式，即，道歉并改正。句③以选择连词or开头，暗示这是第二种处理方式，即，直言内心想法。

翻译：不过，思想研究所的所长克莱尔·福克斯似乎采取了第三种观点。在为推荐自己的新书《我感到被冒犯》而写的一系列文章中，福克斯批判了当今的年轻人，特别是年轻女孩，她认为这些年轻人是“性格软弱的一代”，他们的举止行为犹如“雪花”般脆弱，无法面对挑战质疑。

点评：段III针对此场景给出了第三种处理方式，即a third way. 句①说明Fox持不同观点，句中的however引起句内转折，说明a third way与上段提出的两种处理方式截然不同。句②则阐释了由Fox提出的这第三种不同的处理方式，句中accuse一词，以及对Fox文章中的直接引用“namby-pamby generation” 和 “snowflakes”均含贬义，显示出Fox对当今年轻人所持的不满态度。

IV. ①She cites an incidentin which she spoke to a group of A-level students about the Ched Evans rape trial, expressing incredulity at their subsequentdistress.② She goes on to outline herscathing appraisal of today’s teens, accusing them of narcissismand emotional weakness.

翻译：她举了一个例子：她向一群高中生讲起契德·埃文斯的强奸审讯案，但是对这些学生随之表现出来的悲痛表示怀疑。她继续对当今的青年进行苛刻评价，谴责他们的自恋主义和脆弱情感。

点评：段IV进一步用实例来反映Fox所持的态度。句①陈述Fox在其文中举出的事例及其态度，中she回指上文Fox，incredulity（意为，怀疑，不轻信）则显示了Fox对年轻学生的情感的怀疑。句②继续阐述Fox对当今青年苛刻评价，严加指责的行文，句中scathing appraisal（苛刻的评价），accusing...of（指责...）反映了Fox太过严苛，也暗示了作者对此并不赞赏。

翻译：我们生活在这样一个时代，那些在过去的历史中一直噤声的群体--同志社区，工人阶级，少数种族，精神疾病患者--终于能够挺身而出，尽管有时这意味着需要在消费资本主义和父权价值观的无情喧嚣中开创出“安全空间”，在这种空间中才能让他们的声音被世人听到。这是值得庆贺的--因为这迎来了一个人们更加互相尊重并理解不存在所谓的“标准”的时代。

点评：段V着墨描写了当今时代的不同，即，弱势群体敢于发声，人们之间多了尊重和理解。句①列举了过去噤声当今则勇于发声的弱势群体，而本文论述的主角--年轻一代，也同样是舆论中的弱势群体一方，句中stick their heads above the proverbial parapet为“挺身而出”之意，彰显作者对此现象的赞许，relentless din（无情的喧嚣）则表达了对主流强势的消费主义资本主义以及父权价值观的控诉。句②进一步赞扬了弱势群体能够发声的当今时代，celebrate, herald等词均含褒义。本段为转折段，表达了与上文中Fox苛刻批判年轻人的不同态度，表现了作者对年轻人用于发表看法的支持态度。

翻译：能够对令自己不快的态度直言不讳的勇气是一种领值得敬仰的品格。它并不会妨碍言论自由--而是会鼓励争论。它牵动我们的心弦，拷问我们想当然的态度和偏见，并探询是否有更好更友善的表达方式。

点评：段VI继续赞扬了敢于直言不讳的勇气，并指出了这种勇气所起到的积极作用。句①点明这种勇气（bravery）是一种值得敬仰（admired）的品格（trait）。句②句③则详说这种勇气的积极作用，即，鼓励争论（broadens debate），牵动心弦（pulls at the threads ），拷问我们可能持有的成见（ questions the attitudes and preconceptionswe take for granted），并鼓励探寻

更好更友善的处理方式（ asks if there might be a better, kinder way）。

第11篇

本文选自《洛杉矶时报》中一篇名为“A warning on hospital mergers: After California allowed big chains to grow, prices soared”的文章。文章介绍了南加州大学的一项新研究，研究证明医院合并不仅会抬高其合并体系内医院的医疗费用而且也会使非其旗下医院的收费增加。文章结尾作者提出了解决方案：提早预防，防止医疗系统壮大。由于本文原文篇幅较长，因此只选取了部分内容。

原文

Ⅰ①The debate over hospital mergers traditionally has focused on whether allowing hospitals within a local community to merge drives up prices in that community. ②A new study from the University of Southern California sounds a much louder alarm.

Ⅱ①The study found that the domination of the state’s hospital segment by two big systems, Sutter Health and Dignity Health, not only drove up prices everywhere their institutions were located but allowed even nonaffiliated hospitals to charge more. ②That’s a warning for policymakers at the federal level and in many states, where hospital mergers are on the rise.

Ⅲ①“What happened in California is now happening across the country,” says GlennMelnick, a professor of healthcare finance at USC and co-author, with Katya Fonkych, of the study.

Ⅳ①Sutter and Dignity are both beneficiaries of California’s historically tolerant approach to hospital mergers. ②As Melnick and Fonkych observe, almost half of California

hospitals have been in a multi-hospital system since 2004. ③Many of these combinations were permitted on the argument that merged institutions would operate more efficiently and be better positioned to control cost and pricehikes. ④The study undermines that assertion.

Ⅴ①Using claims data from Blue Shield of California, Melnick and Fonkych found that the insurer’s payments per patient admission to Dignity and Sutter institutions had increased by 113% from 2003-2004 through 2012-2013. ②Payments to nonaffiliated hospitals, some of which were in smaller systems, increased 76%. ③Both trends exceeded overall inflation, and took place during a period of low economic growth and declining demand for inpatient services — which should have suppressed price increases.

Ⅵ①The USC researchers attributed the price increases to big systems’ ability tomagnify their market power, even when they weren’t the only providers in town. ②They can impose “all or nothing” contracts on insurers — in order to gain access to a handful of “must-have” institutions, insurers must agree to contract with all or most of a chain’s hospitals.

Ⅶ①What may be most alarming about the USC study is indications that the pricing power of Sutter and Dignity allowed non-system hospitals to raise rates too. ②“If I’m in the same market as Sutter,” Melnick says, “I can tell an insurer that I want [to be paid] more, but still be a lower-cost option compared to Sutter.”

Ⅷ①Addressing this market power may fall to the legislature, Melnick says. ②The state couldoutlaw the ability of large system to negotiate all-or-nothing deals. ③But the best remedy may be prevention — not allowing systems to grow big in the first place.

（“A warning on hospital mergers: After California allowed big chains to grow, prices soared.”By Michael Hiltzik. Jun.13th, 2016. Los Angeles Times.）

词汇短语

1.*merger [ˈmɜ:dʒə(r)] n.（两个公司的）合并

2.nonaffiliated [nɒn'ə'fɪlɪeɪtɪd]adj.非隶属的

3.on the rise在上涨，在增加

4.beneficiary [benɪ'fɪʃ(ə)rɪ]n.受益人

5.tolerant ['tɒl(ə)r(ə)nt]adj.宽容的

6.be well positioned to处于有利位置

7.hike [haɪk] n.突然上涨

8.inflation [ɪn'fleɪʃ(ə)n]n.通货膨胀

9.inpatient ['ɪnpeɪʃnt] adj.住院的

10.magnify ['mægnɪfaɪ] v.扩大

11.market power市场力

12.a handful of少量的

13.alarming[ə'lɑːmɪŋ] adj.令人担忧的，令人惊恐的

14.legislature ['ledʒɪslətʃə] n.立法机关

15.*outlaw['aʊtlɔː] v.使...成为非法

16.remedy ['remɪdɪ] n.解决办法

17.in the first place从一开始，压根儿

（注：标*的为超纲词）

点评

翻译：过去医院合并问题的争论焦点一直是允许地方社区中各医院合并是否会抬高当地医疗费用。而南加利福尼亚大学一项新研究将警钟敲得更响了。

点评：段Ⅰ和段Ⅱ借研究发现引出本文讨论话题：医院合并导致医疗费用增加。

段Ⅰ叙述南加州大学研究转变了医院合并问题的传统争论焦点。句①traditionally引出医院合

并问题的传统争论焦点：允许地方社区中各医院合并是否会抬高当地医疗费用。traditionally（意为that have been existed for a long time without changing,“传统的”）暗示后文内容将改变这一争论焦点。drives up（意为to make sth such as price rise quickly,“抬高”）。a local community 和in that community将医院合并发生的地点和产生的影响锁定在同一区域。句②引出新研究并说明其作用。sound an alarm（意为warn people that the situation was dangerous,“发出警报，敲响警钟”）以much louder修饰alarm，跟过去对比，指过去人们认为医院合并可能会抬高当地医疗费用，这为人们敲响了警报，而新研究将警报敲得更响，说明新研究表明医院合并会带来更大的负面影响。

翻译：这项研究发现，加州医院由Sutter Health和Dignity Health两大医疗系统主导，这种情况不仅抬高了其分支机构的医疗费用而且使非其所属医院收费也增加了。而美国许多州的合并医院数量也正在不断增加，这项研究向联邦层政策制定者和这些州的政策制定者发出了警告。

点评：段Ⅱ叙述新研究发现。句①具体解释了新研究发现的内容：医院合并不仅会抬高系统内医疗费用还会抬高系统外医疗费用。domination（dominate的名词，意为to control or have a lot of influence over sb/sth, especially in an unpleasant way,“支配，控制”）说明加州的医疗系统已被Sutter Health和Dignity Health两大集团控制，暗示这种情况会造成不利影响。segment（A segment of a market is one part of it, considered separately from the rest，“市场细分的部分”）这里指加州的医疗市场。everywhere凸显两大医疗系统主导市场产生的巨大影响力，并暗示两大医疗系统都十分庞大，下属医院极多。not only... but...不但...而且...强调后半句内容，

nonaffiliated（affiliated意为that is a member of a larger group or is closely connected with it,“下属的，隶属的”）hospitals指非Sutter Health和Dignity Health旗下，与他们并无关联的医院。这些医院的医疗费用也上升了，说明了医院合并的极大的负面影响。句②that指上句内容，医院合并形成庞大医疗系统，主导市场，负面影响极大，这为政策制定者发出了警告。where hospital mergers are on the rise为定语从句修饰many states说明许多州都将面临同加州同样的情况。be on the rise意为在上涨，在增加。

Ⅲ①“What happened in California is now happening across the country,” says GlennMelnick, a professor of healthcare finance at USC and co-author, with Katya Fonkych, of the study.

翻译：此研究报告撰写者（另一名撰写者是卡蒂亚•丰凯什）、南加州大学医疗融资教授格伦•梅尔尼克称，“现在，加州发生的一切正在整个美国上演”。

点评：段Ⅲ承接上段句②，援引报告撰写者的话说明加州的情况并非个例，现在整个美国都受到了医院合并的影响。由此说明了事态的严重性，亟需处理。这里the study指的是研究报告。

Ⅳ①Sutter and Dignity are both beneficiaries of California’s historically tolerant approach to hospital mergers. ②As Melnick and Fonkych observe, almost half of California hospitals have been in a multi-hospital system since 2004. ③Many of these combinations were permitted on the argument that merged institutions would operate more efficiently and be better positioned to control cost and pricehikes. ④The study undermines that assertion.

翻译：Sutter和Dignity都是过去加州宽松医院合并政策的获益者。梅尔尼克和丰凯什称，2004年至今，加州近一半医院都归属了医疗集团。其中许多医院是基于合并利于高效运营、可以更好地

控制成本和防止收费大幅提升的理由而获准合并的。这项研究动摇了这一说法。

点评：段Ⅳ说明了过去众多医院获准合并的原因。句①指出原因：相关政策宽松。beneficiaries（意为someong who gets advantages from an action or change,“受益者”）；tolerant （意为to allow sb to do sth without criticizing or punishing them,“宽容的”）说明过去加州不会处罚或批评医院合并，从而形成了Sutter和Dignity两大医疗集团。句②以数据进一步说明加州宽松政策的后果，2004年以来，近一半医院都归属了医疗集团。凸显了医院合并速度之快，势头之强劲。multi-hospital system指涵盖多个医院的医疗系统，如Sutter和Dignity。句③指出这些医院合并时所找的理由（argument）：合并利于高效运营、更好地控制成本和防止收费大幅提升。be well positioned to（意为to be in a good situation to be able to do something，“处于有利位置”）；hikes（意为To hike prices means to increase them suddenly or by a large amount,“价格突然上升，大幅提高”）。句④直接反驳医院要求合并时给出的上述理由，undermine（意为to gradually make someone or something less strong or effective,“削弱，损害”）；assertion带有强烈感情色彩，意为断言，坚决声称的主张，但是新研究使这种坚决态度不断动摇。

翻译：根据加州蓝盾的索赔数据，梅尔尼克和丰凯什发现2012-2013年保险公司为Sutter和Dignity集团医院每位住院病人支付的保险费比2003-2004年增长了113%，给非两大集团旗下医院（也包括一些较小医疗系统内医院）病人支付的保险费增长了76%。增长趋势均超过了全面通彭率。而且，这一时期经济增长缓慢、住院服务需求下降，这些都本应抑制保险费增长。

点评：段Ⅴ承接上段句④以具体数据反驳上段句③医院合并时所找的理由。句①列举加州蓝盾索赔数据说明保险公司为两大集团病人支付的保险费明显增加。句②进一步说明保险公司为非两大集团病人支付的保险费也明显增加。呼应段Ⅱ内容，医院合并不仅使系统内医院收费增加，甚至也影响了系统外医院。句③指出保险费增长趋势违反常态，直指医院合并导致了保险费增加。exceeded overall inflation说明医院收费增加不是由于通货膨胀造成的。low economic growth（经济增长缓慢），declining demand for inpatient services（住院服务需求下降）本该抑制价格增长，而现状却恰恰相反，由此暗示了医院合并的影响极大。inpatient意为住院的。suppress（意为to prevent sth from growing,“压制，抑制”）。

翻译：南加州大学研究人员认为保险费增长的原因是，大医疗系统有能力扩大其市场力。甚至即使他们并不是城镇中唯一的医疗服务供应商，他们也可以做到。他们可以迫使保险公司签订“全有或全无”的合同---为与少数“必不可少”的医疗机构签订合同，保险公司不得不同意与所有或大多连锁医院签约。

点评：段Ⅵ解释保险费增长的原因：大医疗系统拥有扩大其市场力的能力。magnify（意为to make sth bigger,“扩大，增强”）；market power指market power is the ability of a firm to profitably raise the market price of a good or service over marginal cost，“市场力”，意为市场参与者能够影响市场价格的能力。Even进一步强调，即使这些大医疗系统不是唯一的服务提供者，他们也能够扩大其市场力。这也导致了大医疗系统受利益驱使不断增加收费。句②解释大医疗系统扩大其市场力的方法：迫使保险公司签订“全有或全无”的合同。impose（意为to force sb to have

to deal with sth that is difficult or unpleasant,“迫使”）凸显了这些大医疗系统的霸道嚣张，同时反映了保险公司的无奈。破折号进行解释说明，患者选择保险公司时无疑会考虑报销名录中有没有好医院，保险公司为吸引客户必须与一些好医院（“must-have” institutions）签订协议，而医疗系统以此要挟保险公司与其旗下其它一系列相关医院签约，为了不丧失某些好医院，保险公司不得不同意签约。a handful of意为用手就能抓起的数量，说明好医院数量之少。但是仅仅为了这一丁点的好医院，保险公司就不得不与所有或大多连锁医院签约。chain意为 A chain of stores, hotels, or other businesses is a number of them owned by the same person or company，“连锁”。

翻译：南加州大学研究结果中，最令人担忧的是研究显示Sutter和Dignity的定价权使其系统外医院收取的医疗费也增加了。梅尔尼克说，“如果我和Sutter同处一个市场，我会告诉保险公司我想收更多的钱，但是即使是这样，与Sutter相比我还是一个更为廉价的选择。”

点评：段Ⅶ承接上段指出大医疗系统市场力的最恶劣影响：使系统外医院收取的医疗费也增加了。alarming（意为causing worry and fear,“使人惊恐的，令人惊慌的”）说明了系统内外医疗费都增加的情况着实令人担忧，害怕。句②解释系统外医院收取的医疗费增加的原因。即使系统外医院收费增加，对于保险公司来说也比大医疗系统的医院收费低，保险公司还会乐于选择这些医院，那么何乐而不为呢。

Ⅷ①Addressing this market power may fall to the legislature, Melnick says. ②The state couldoutlaw the ability of large system to negotiate all-or-nothing deals. ③But the best

remedy may be prevention — not allowing systems to grow big in the first place.

翻译：梅尔尼克还说，消除这种市场力的任务可能会落在立法机关身上。加州也许会禁止大医疗系统达成“全有或全无”式协议。但是提前预防才是最好的解决办法---从一开始就不要让医疗系统发展壮大。

点评：段Ⅷ提出解决方案。句①②指出立法机关可能的解决方案：禁止大医疗系统达成“全有或全无”式协议。句①中address意为处理，对付。outlaw（意为when something is outlawed, it is made illegal，“使...成为非法”）呼应legislature。句③转折，提出作者自己的解决方案。remedy（意为a remedy is a successful way of dealing with a problem，“解决办法”）。破折号解释说明prevention，从一开始就不要让医疗系统发展壮大。in the first place意为从一开始，压根儿。

第12篇

选段出自《卫报》2016年6月6日“When university can seem as distant as Mars”一文，文章借萨顿信托的一项研究结果，阐述了家境不佳的青少年对于上大学动机微弱的现象，并揭示了其中的经济原因，呼吁强化青少年学生接受高等教育的信念。选段出自文章的前半部分，通过数据揭示了现象，并进行对比，探讨原因，希望读者通过阅读选段能够对这一现象及其原因有所了解，并积累重点词汇。

原文

I A study from the Sutton Trust has found that year 9 girls aged 13 to 14 are more likely to have a positive attitude towards university than their male classmates. ‚Almost 65% of girls thought it was “very important”, compared with 58% of boys. ƒWhile one in 10 girls attached no importance to attending university, 15% of boys didn’t see the point of higher education.

II The report also highlighted the ongoing divide between advantaged and disadvantaged students. ‚While ethnic minority pupils and those from neighbourhoods with higherunemployment had university aspirations, disadvantaged year 9s were still less likely to think about higher education than their advantaged peers.ƒAmong better-off children, 39% had a positive attitude towards university compared with 27% of the disadvantaged, and poor white boys were the least interested group of all. ④The Sutton Trust is now calling for campaigns to raise the “aspirations and self-belief” of disadvantaged children, which islaudable.⑤However, when it comes to higher education, a poverty of outlook is one thing and actual poverty quite another.

III ①It’s great that so many pupils from ethnic minorities and those from areas of high unemployment are interested in higher education.②However, maybe the disadvantaged teenagers showing no interest were just being practical, consciously orsubconsciously adjusting to the reality that, as with so much in life, their class and finances would ultimately dictate their choices.③ An awareness that, facing tuition fees, insufficient grants, repayment of loans and interest on those loans, it’s unlikely that they could realistically afford to go to university. ④You might as well say: “Hey kids, how do you fancy a trip to Mars?”

IV ①It’s different for the middle classes because… well it’s always different for the middle classes. ②The gender divide could be partly explained by the fact that boys are believed tomature more slowly than girls. ③Some of their “anti-uni” attitude could befleeting bravado or it may involve a rebellious gap year or two, flogging bongs on beaches in Goa, until finally they return – to go to university, or not, as they wish.

V ①Sometimes, they too might find the thought of debt off-putting.②However, university is such an entrenched part of their culture that “not going” is an enormous statement. ③Could the same be said for the disadvantaged child? ④Isn’t it also true that, since the introduction and escalation of tuition fees, even the idea of university has become more fanciful and out of reach for kids from “the wrong side of town”?

词汇短语

1. attend [ə'tɛnd] vt. 出席；上（大学等）；照料；招待；陪伴

2. highlight ['haɪlaɪt] vt. 突出；强调；使显著；加亮

3. *ongoing ['ɑnɡoɪŋ] adj. 不间断的，进行的；前进的

4. ethnic ['ɛθnɪk] adj. 种族的；人种的

5. minority [maɪ'nɔrəti] n. 少数民族；少数派；未成年

6. unemployment [,ʌnɪm'plɔɪmənt] n. 失业；失业率；失业人数

7. aspiration ['æspə'reʃən] n. 渴望；抱负；送气；吸气；吸引术

8. *better-off adj. 较富裕的；境况较好的

9. *laudable ['lɔdəbl] adj. 值得赞赏的

10. subconsciously [,sʌb'kɔnʃəsli] adv. 潜意识地

11. ultimately ['ʌltɪmətli] adv. 最后；根本；基本上

12. dictate ['dɪktet]vt. 命令；口述；使听写

13. insufficient [,ɪnsə'fɪʃnt] adj. 不足的，不充足的

14. *grants [grænt] n. 补助金；津贴（grant的复数）；政府奖助

15. fancy ['fænsi] vt. 想象；喜爱；设想；自负

16. mature [mə'tʃʊr] adj. 成熟的；充分考虑的；到期的；成年人的

17. fleeting ['flitɪŋ] adj. 飞逝的；转瞬间的

18. *bravado [brə'vɑdo]n. 虚张声势；冒险

19. rebellious [rɪ'bɛljəs] adj. 反抗的；造反的；难控制的

20. *flog [flɑɡ]vt. 鞭打，鞭策；迫使

21. *bong [bɔŋ] n. 锣，大钟等的当当声

22. *off-putting ['ɔf,pʊtɪŋ]adj. 令人不愉快的

23. enormous [ɪ'nɔrməs] adj. 庞大的，巨大的；凶暴的，极恶的

24. escalation [,ɛskə'leʃən] n. 增加；扩大；逐步上升

（注：标*的为超纲词）

点评

翻译：萨顿信托的一项研究发现，13到14岁的九年级女生比她们的男生同学更倾向于对大学持积极态度。将近65%的女生认为上大学“非常重要”，相比而言，只有58%的男生也这么想。只有十分之一的女生认为上大学毫无意义，但是却有15%的男生看不到高等教育的重要性。

点评：段I借助萨顿信托的一项研究来表明现象，引入话题。句①直接展现研究结果，即，相较于男生而言，13至14岁的九年级女生对于上大学更倾向于持积极态度。句②句③通过列举百分比（65%，58%，十分之一，15%）进行比较，分别从正反两方面进一步支持句①的观点。句①中的than，句②中的compared with和句③中的while均表明了这种比较手法。

翻译：研究报告也突显了家境贫困和家境优越的学生之间的持续分化。尽管少数种族学生和来自高失业率社区的学生也有对上大学的渴望，同家境优越的同龄人相比，家境贫困的九年级学生对于接受高等教育的想法仍然较少。在家境富裕的孩子中，39%对于大学持积极态度，而在家境贫困的孩子中，只有27%的孩子对大学持积极态度，家境贫困的白人男孩则是对大学最不感兴趣的群体。萨顿信托正在呼吁发起加强贫困学生“抱负和自信”的活动，这一点是值得赞赏的。但是，在高等教育的问题上，未来的贫穷是一回事，当下的贫穷又是另一回事。

点评：段II阐述了该项研究的另一重要发现，引出本文探讨的主题，点明经济因素对于青少年上大学的渴望程度的影响。句①直接陈述该研究的另一发现，即，家境优越与家境贫困的学生之间对于上大学的渴望程度持续分化，highlight一词突出了该项发现的重要性，下文则顺理成章围绕该发现继续展开。句②句③通过对比贫困学生和富裕学生对接受高等教育的态度，例证了句①所表述的分化现象，still less than，compared with以及百分数（39%，27%）的列举均体现了对比。句④转向萨顿信托针对此现象提出的措施，并用laudable一词作出赞赏评论，但句⑤以however开头，笔锋一转，指出高等教育领域情况特殊，还存在未来的贫穷和当下的贫穷的不同，引出段III对两种贫穷的影响的讨论。

翻译：仍然有许多来自少数种族和高失业率社区的学生对于高等教育深感兴趣，这点非常好。然而，或许那些贫穷的少年只是出于现实才对上大学表现得漠然，他们有意或无意地适应现实，正如在他们生活的其他方面一样，他们所处的阶层和经济状况会最终决定他们的选择。意识到所面临的高额学费，有限的补助金，需偿还的贷款和贷款利息，他们是上不起大学的。你还不如直接说：“嘿，孩子，你觉得去趟火星旅行如何？”

点评：段III承接上段，解释由于经济原因导致贫困家庭的青少年面对上大学望洋生叹。句①首先指出还是有许多家境贫困和少数种族的学生渴望上大学的。句②句③则对这类学生不渴望上大学

的原因进行剖析。句②解释当下贫穷这一原因，being practical和adjusting to reality揭示了学生目前面对的经济窘境，ultimately dictate则指出了这种经济限制的程度之大。句③通过列举tuition fees, insufficient grants, repayment of loans，和 interest on those loans，勾勒出未来因上大学可能带来的经济压力，使得本就不富裕的学生对上大学更加望而却步。句④则用一句看似轻松挑逗的话语讽刺了学生受经济所迫才对上大学不感兴趣，句中fancy, Mars两词说明贫穷学生上大学的机会渺茫。

翻译：对于中产阶级而言，情况就不同了，因为......好吧，中产阶级的情况总是不同的。研究结果在性别上的分歧一部分可以用这一事实加以解释，那便是，男孩通常要比女孩成熟得晚一些。他们的某些“反抗大学”的态度可能只是稍纵即逝的虚张声势，或者，这其中包括了一两年叛逆的空档年，他们在果阿海滩上敲鼓，直到最后回归大学校园，或者正如他们所愿，干脆不进大学。

点评：段IV阐述了来自中产阶级的学生的情况。句①开门见山，点明中产阶级的情况是不同的。句②指出研究结果的性别差异是由于男生成熟较慢。句③中的their将论述集中到中产阶级的男生身上，并介绍了一系列展现他们“反抗大学”的态度的行为： fleeting bravado , flogging bongs，但他们最终还是会去上大学。

since the introduction and escalation of tuition fees, even the idea of university has become more fanciful and out of reach for kids from “the wrong side of town”?

翻译：有时候，这些中产阶级可能也会觉得负债确实令人沮丧。但是，上大学已经成为他们的文化中根深蒂固的一部分，以导致“不上大学”的言论变得十恶不赦。家境贫困的孩子可以说出同样的话吗？随着开始收取学费和学费急剧上升，对于来自“镇上贫民区”的孩子而言，就连上大学的想法都变得更为虚无缥缈和遥不可及，这不也是事实吗？

点评：段V将中产阶级的学生同贫困家庭的学生对比，进一步说明后者对于上大学不敢过多幻想的无奈。句①指出中产阶级的学生对于因上大学而负债抱有消极态度，但句中所用的sometimes, might, off-putting 显示出中产阶级学生面临的窘境远远小于贫困家庭的学生。句②引入文化因素，进一步说明中产阶级的学生不上大学的可能性很小。句③表面为问句，实际是表示贫困学生选择受限。句④为反义疑问句，指出由于学费飙升，就连上大学的念头对于贫困家庭的孩子来说都已经是fanciful和out of reach了。强烈的反问语气和“the wrong side of town”的表述均显示出作者对贫困学生因经济原因而不敢抱有上大学念头的不满。

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第13篇

本文节选自《新共和》2016年8月9日的一篇名为 “The Gentrification of the Barbershop”（《理发店的中产阶级化》）的文章。在美国，理发店从来都不只是剪个头发那么简单，这里是进行人际交往，促进社区团结稳定的重要场所。但是，近年来，理发店正在中产阶级化。理发店逐渐被高档男士沙龙取代。而新的理发店也经过重新包装，成为中产阶级白人展示怀旧男子气概的场所。本文以小见大，深入浅出，值得赏读。

原文

Ⅰ①With their red, white and blue striped poles, dark Naugahydechairs and straight razor shaves, barbershops hold a special place in American culture.

Ⅱ①But numbers show that barbershops are dwindling. ②According to census data, from 1992 to 2012 we saw a 23 percent decrease in barbershops in the United States.

Ⅲ①Sociologists find barbershops fascinating because they’ve also traditionally been places where men spend time with other men, forming close relationships with one another in the absence of women. ②Many patrons will even stop by daily to simply chat with their barbers, discuss the news or play chess. ③A real community is created in these places, and community is important to health and well-being.

Ⅳ①At the same time barbershops are closing, men’s salons are popping up across the country. ②They cater to men, providing them with high-end services that include hot towel facials and hand-detailing. ③They’re more expensive than the average barbershop or chain store, have sleekcontemporary decor and aren’t exactly conducive to hanging

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out and socializing.

Ⅴ①In some white gentrifying neighborhoods, however, the barbershop is actually making a comeback. ②A Journalist writes that these new barbershops primarily act as places where men canchannel a form of masculinity that supposedly existed unfettered in the “good old days.” ③Sensory pleasures are central to the experience: The smell of talcum powder, the cool burn of aftershave and the site of shaving mugs help men to grapple with what it means to be a man at a time when traditional definitions of masculinity are in flux.

Ⅵ①But these new, repackaged barbershops come at a cost, charging much more than the usual $12 for a haircut—a price point that will exclude a huge swath of male consumers.

Ⅶ①And so, in a place that engages tensions between ideas of nostalgic masculinity and a new sort of progressive man, we may very well see opportunities for social equality fall by the wayside. ②Thehipster phenomenon, after all, is a largely white one that appropriates symbols of white working-class masculinity without really giving up class privilege.

Ⅷ①What can a man’s salon mean? ②They’re not signs of a disintegrating bygone culture of manhood. ③Rather, they signify a transformation of white, well-to-do masculinity. ④In the past, the barbershop was a place for these men. ⑤Today, while the old model may thrive in black or up-and-coming neighborhoods, white professional men are seeking a pampered experience elsewhere.

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Ⅸ①And they’re creating intimate relationships in these new men’s salons. ②But instead of immersing themselves in single-sex communities of men, they’re often building one-on-one confidential relationships with women hair stylists. ③Stylists often explained this intimacy as part of their jobs. ④For white men with financial means, though, the men’s salon becomes an important place where they can purchase the sense of connection they may otherwise be missing in their lives.[482 words]

(The Gentrification of the Barbershop. By Kristen Barber. Augest 9th, 2016. The New Republic.)

词汇短语

1. *dwindle [ˈdwɪndl] v. 减少

2. cater to [ˈkeitə tu:] 面向，迎合

3. high-end高档

4. *sleek [sli:k] adj. 时髦的

5. *décor [deɪkɔː] n. 装潢

6. *conducive to 对…有帮助的

7. *gentrify [ˈdʒentrɪfaɪ]v. 使中产阶级化

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8. channel [ˈtʃænl] v. 引导

9. *unfetter ['ʌn'fetə] v. 解放

10. *talcum ['tælkəm] n. 滑石

11. burn [bɜ:n] n. 烧痕

12. *grapple with抓住

13. *in flux

14. repackage [ˌri:ˈpækɪdʒ]v. 重新包装

15. *nostalgic [nɒ'stældʒɪk]adj. 怀旧的16. fall by the wayside 半途而废

17. *hipster ['hɪpstə] n. 嬉皮士

18. *appropriate [əˈprəʊpriət]v. 盗用

19. *disintegrate [dɪsˈɪntɪˌɡret]v. 崩裂

20. *bygone [ˈbaɪgɒn] adj. 过去的

21. *pamper [ˈpæmpə(r)] v. 娇惯

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（注：标*的为超纲词）

点评

Ⅰ①With their red, white and blue striped poles, dark Naugahydechairs and straight razor shaves, barbershops hold a special place in American culture.

翻译：以红白蓝条纹柱、黑色人造革椅子、直剃刀为特色的理发店在美国文化中占有特殊地位。

点评：本文从社会学的角度解读美国理发店变化这一现象，展现出美国阶级分割日益严重的问题。文章可以分为三个层次。

Ⅰ-Ⅳ段介绍美国理发店的变化和社会学价值。

Ⅰ段作为引子，兼有吸引读者和启发读者的作用。以理发店标志性的物品吸引读者兴趣。并且简明扼要提出观点：理发店在美国文化中占有特殊地位，从而引导读者思考到底理发店在有什么样的地位。

Ⅱ①But numbers show that barbershops are dwindling. ②According to census data, from 1992 to 2012 we saw a 23 percent decrease in barbershops in the United States.

翻译：但是数据显示，理发店的数量正在逐渐减少。根据普查资料，1992到2012年间，美国的理发店数量减少了23%。

点评：Ⅱ段并没有紧接上段揭示理发店的特殊地位(special place)，而是先插入了理发店在美国的现状：数量逐渐减少。前两段接连扔出两大问题，逐渐蓄势，将读者胃口吊足。

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翻译：社会学家认为理发店很有意思，因为这里还是传统上男人和同伴消磨时光，没有女人在场时建立建立亲密关系的场所。许多客人甚至会每天顺路造访，只是为了和他们的理发师谈谈天，聊聊新闻或者下下棋。这些地方创建起真实的社区，而社区对健康和幸福很重要。

点评：Ⅲ段正式接招，回应Ⅰ段，明确理发店的特殊地位：是男性社交、建立社区联系的重要场所。

翻译：许多理发店在关门结业的同时，男士沙龙在全国接连冒出。它们面向男士，提供包括热毛巾敷脸和修剪指甲的高档服务。它们比普通的理发店或者连锁店贵，它们具有时尚现代的装潢，而且主要目的不是为了打发时间和社交。

点评：Ⅳ段回应Ⅱ段，①句解释数量减少的原因：被男士沙龙取代。②③句介绍新式沙龙和传统理发店的区别：服务更多、收费更高、装潢更好、目的不是为了社交。

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翻译：但是，在一些中产阶级白人社区，理发店实际上正在卷土重来。一名记者写道，这些新理发店主要成为了男性展现被认为在“美好的昔日”得到解放的一种男子气概的场所。感官愉悦是体验的核心：爽肤粉的气味，剃后酷爽的火辣感，修面杯的位置都帮助人们在男子气概的传统定义不断变化的时候，把握作为一个男人的意义。

点评：Ⅴ-Ⅶ段分析重新包装的理发店的本质和社会意义。

Ⅴ段介绍新现象：中产阶级白人社区的理发店似乎在复苏。介词短语In some... 限定事件发生的地点，white gentrifying说明是中产阶级的白人社区，隐含之义是黑人社区并没有这种现象。②句援引一位记者的描述，指明其功能的变化：成为中产阶级怀旧的场所。③句用嗅觉、触觉、视觉等感官细节支持理发店已经变成重温男子气概的场所。这种体验的核心是sensory pleasures（感官愉悦）和Ⅲ段中理发店forming close relationships（建立亲密关系）的功能完全不同。

Ⅵ①But these new, repackaged barbershops come at a cost, charging much more than the usual $12 for a haircut—a price point that will exclude a huge swath of male consumers.

翻译：但是这些新包装的理发店需要代价，收费远远高出普通理发的12美元——这个价位把

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一大群男性顾客拒之门外。

点评：Ⅵ段进一步说明这种重新包装的理发店的本质和过去不同。作者用 new, repackaged 修饰barbershops说明这些理发店虽然名称没变，但是内核已经变了。much more than the usual $12 for a haircut说明此处消费价格很高，不是普通的理发的场所。exclude a huge swath of male consumers和第三段的stop by daily形成鲜明的对比，越加显现其高冷气质。

翻译：因此，在充满怀旧的男子气概和新式进步男性矛盾的地方，我们很可能看到社会平等的机会半路夭折。毕竟，嬉皮士现象主要是白人的，只是盗用了工人阶级白人男子气概的符号，却没有真的放弃阶级特权。

点评：Ⅶ段深入解读理发店回归的社会意义：这种回归并非是社会平等的表现。①句中that引导的定语从句修饰a place, 说明这种理发店的服务内容是nostalgic masculinity，服务的对象是progressive man。理发店的数量在不断减少，中产阶级投向高级沙龙，但是突然出现一股回流，似乎中产阶级也开始光顾理发店，这种回升之势表面上给人以社会平等的希望，但是深究之下才发现是中产阶级才能享受的场所，故使用fall by the wayside（to fail to continue半途而废）表现出希望升起——希望破灭的落差。②句用历史上嬉皮士运动类比这种表层草根，内核小资的理发店现象。the hipster phenomenon指美国上世纪60年代很多穿得像流浪汉，生活简朴的嬉皮士其实来自白人富裕家庭，他们并非抛弃了自己的阶级，只不过是暂时体验不一样的生活而已。这里讽刺仍旧在光顾理发店的中产阶级男性和过去的嬉皮士一样，并非真的放下阶级优越性，只是想

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要体验下层工人阶级（working-class）男子气概而已。

翻译：男士沙龙意味着什么？它们不是男子气概日益崩裂的过气文化的标志。相反它们标志了富裕白人男子气概的转变。过去，理发店是这些人的活动场所之一。现在，尽管老模式可能在黑人社区或者未来社区繁荣发展，职业白人男性在别处寻找一种奢侈的体验。

点评：Ⅷ-Ⅸ段转而解读男性沙龙的社会意义。

Ⅷ段①句作为过渡句和段落主旨句，提出问题：男士沙龙意味着什么？②③句以“不是——而是”的逻辑说明（精致的）男士沙龙并不代表男子气概的消失，而是富裕阶层换了另外的方式展现男子气概。④⑤句今夕对比，过去富人和穷人一样光顾理发店，如今的理发店只留在贫穷的黑人社区，富裕的白人却走向更高级的沙龙去追求更奢侈的体验。

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翻译：而且他们在这些新的男士美发沙龙创建亲密关系。但是不是把自己沉浸在只有男性的单一性别群体中，而是经常和女性发型师建立一对一的信任关系。发型师常常解释说，这种亲密行为是工作的一部分。不过，对于有钱的白人男性来说，男士美发沙龙成为一个重要的地方，在这里他们可以买到生活中或许失去的联系感。

点评：Ⅸ段通过和老式的理发店对比，指出男士沙龙的社交功能。①句说明相同点：男士沙龙和理发店一样，依然有creating intimate relationships（建立亲密关系）的功能。②句but转折指出区别：理发店的顾客是和同性（理发师、其他顾客）建立关系，而男士沙龙的顾客只和自己的女性发型师建立关系。③句从发型师的角度说明，建立关系完全是职业要求，这是以利益基础的交换，和过去理发店里大家共同培养社区归属感有本质区别。④句以though转折说明，即使这种关系是虚伪的，男士沙龙依旧是他们重要的活动场所，因为生活其他地方已经失去了很多和别人的联系。purchase the sense of connection指出人与人之间的联系是用金钱买来的。作者不着一字，却处处流露出凄凉和悲哀。

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第14篇

本文选自《经济学人》2016年2月6日的一篇名为“Let’s just try that again”（《就让我们再试一遍》）的文章。重复试验或许不是科学研究的核心，但是随着一本杂志的创刊，这种情况也许即将发生改变。

原文

Ⅰ①THE Journal of Irreproducible Results is a long-running satirical magazine, designed for the amusement of scientists. ②If the title were not already taken, though, it would be a good one for another, more serious publication that is being launched on February 4th. ③The Preclinical Reproducibilityand Robustness Channel, an electronic rather than a paper journal, is dedicated to the task, found tedious by most academic researchers, of replicating and testing the experiments of others. ④Professional egos, the exigencies of career-building and there stricted sizes of grants and budgets all conspire against the rerunning, in universities, of old studies instead of the conducting of new ones.

Ⅱ①Commercial researchers cannot afford to be so choosy.②If they pick an idea up from academia, they have to be sure that it works. ③Often, it doesn’t. ④For example,when staff at Amgen, a Californian drug company, attempted to reproduce the results of 53 high-profile cancer-research papers they found that only six lived up totheir original claims.

Ⅲ①This figure is probably typical. ②What was not typical was that Amgen actually offered it for publication, and it was, indeed, published. ③Mostly, journal editors, like academic scientists, are more interested in new work than in the refutation of old stuff. ④

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Amgen’s submissionwas spectacular, because so many papers were involved at one go. ⑤This may have been what got it over the bar. ⑥If each refutation had been written up and submitted separately, the outcome would probably have been different. ⑦As for the six successful replications it included, why would anyone bother to publish work confirming what was already known?

Ⅳ①Yet knowing which previous research is and is not correct is crucial to the progress of science, and a repository of such information would be useful. ②Hence the PreclinicalReproducibility and Robustness Channel. ③Its publishers, Faculty of 1000, based in London, hope to provide an outletfor the accumulated replications gathering dust in commercial laboratories, and also to stimulate academic scientists to followsuit and provide more.

Ⅴ①Things may now be changing. ②Both reproducibility and the whole openness of the scientific process are discussed much more than once they were. ③An entire institute dedicated to the matter, the Meta-Research Innovation Centre at Stanford, in California, opened for business in 2014.

Ⅵ①If this institute flourishes—and even more so if it is emulated—it may even become possible to make a career out of being a buster of others’ questionable efforts: a forensic scientist of science. ②That is by no means certain, and there will probably be few Nobel prizes in it. ③But mopping up messes is an honourable activity, and this week’s launch of a new outlet for the publication of duplication is part of the clean-up.[458words]

(Let’s just try that again. February 6th, 2016. The Economists.)

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词汇短语

1. satirical [səˈtɪrɪkl] adj. 含讽刺意味的

2. tedious [ˈti:diəs] adj. 冗长乏味的

3. *exigency [ˈeksɪdʒənsi] n. 急切的需要

4. *rerunning [ˌri:'ræn] n. 重新运行

5. choosy [ˈtʃu:zi] adj. 挑剔的

6. *academia [ˌækəˈdi:miə] n. 学术界

7. high-profile 知名度高的

8. lived up to 不辜负

9. *submission [səbˈmɪʃn] n. 提交

10. at one go一下子，一举

11. get it over the bar克服(困难等)

12. outlet [ˈaʊtlet] n. 出路

13. follow suit 跟着做

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14. *emulate [ˈemjuleɪt] v. 效仿

15. *buster [ˈbʌstə(r)] n. 破坏者

16. *forensic [fəˈrensɪk] adj. 法庭的

（注：标*的为超纲词）

点评

翻译：《实验结果无法再现期刊》是一本长期经营的讽刺杂志，目的为了给科学家提供点乐子。如果这个名字没有被占用，它可以成为一个2月4号创刊的更严肃刊物的好名字。《临床前的重现性和鲁棒性频道》是电子版而不非纸质刊物，专注于一项大部分科研人员觉得无聊的工作：复制检测别人的实验结果。专业自我，职业发展的急迫性和拨款和预算有限这些原因都不利于大学对旧研究做复制实验，而是要是做新研究。

点评：Ⅰ段介绍新刊的创刊及其背景。①句以科技娱乐读物Journal of Irreproducible Results

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引入。②③句介绍本文讨论的新近事件：Preclinical Reproducibility and Robustness Channel的创刊。这是一本严肃的学术刊物，专门刊登学术界不愿意做的验证性研究。作者特别指出an electronic rather than a paper journaly，因为在纸质刊物上发表验证性研究需要经历漫长的同行评审，而在网络开放平台缩短了发表时间（可以先跳过同行评审）。④分析学术机构不愿意做验证性研究的主客观原因。

翻译：商业研究者经不起如此挑剔。如果他们从学术界选了一个想法，他们必须确定这个想法是有用的。情况往往不可靠。比如，总部位于加利福尼亚的制药公司安进的员工尝试重现53个知名度很高的研究癌症的论文结果，他们发现只有6个符合原来的结论。

点评：Ⅱ-Ⅲ段介绍商业公司进行验证性研究的原因和影响。

Ⅱ段①②句指出商业研究者进行验证性研究的动机。Commercial researchers和上文的 universities是两种目标不同的研究阵营。大学的研究者因为种种限制，重视新研究，而不看重对旧研究的验证。而商业研究很大程度上是对学术界研究成果的应用，科研结论的可靠性非常重要，直接影响经济利益，因此被迫进行重复性实验。③句说明很多科研结果都不能起作用。④以安进公司的研究为例证明大量科研结果都不能再现。

Ⅲ①This figure is probably typical. ②What was not typical was that Amgen actually offered it for publication, and it was, indeed, published. ③Mostly, journal editors, like

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academic scientists, are more interested in new work than in the refutation of old stuff. ④Amgen’s submissionwas spectacular, because so many papers were involved at one go. ⑤This may have been what got it over the bar. ⑥If each refutation had been written up and submitted separately, the outcome would probably have been different. ⑦As for the six successful replications it included, why would anyone bother to publish work confirming what was already known?

翻译：这个数字可能是司空见惯。没想到的的是安进公司竟然把这个发现投稿发表，而且这项研究也确实发表了。大部分时候，期刊编辑和学术界的科学家一样，相比驳斥旧研究，对新研究更感兴趣。安进公司的论文惊动一时，因为一口气牵扯了这么多的研究。这也许就是它得以成功发表的原因。如果反驳文章是一篇一篇分别写出然后投稿，结果很可能就不同了。至于6个成功复制实验，为什么会有人不嫌麻烦，发表确认已知信息的论文呢？

点评：Ⅲ段说明安进公司发表其验证性研究及其影响。①②对比说明，科研结果不能再现是很常见的，但是验证性实验得以发表是很罕见的。③句解释验证性实验不容易发表的原因。④至⑦句分析安进公司成功发表的原因。关键词是so many，at one go。因为该公司一次性涉及了大量研究，形成规模效应，成功地吸引了关注。

翻译：但是确认前人研究的正误对科学进步至关重要，而且这样的资料库会很有用。因此《临

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床前的重现性和鲁棒性频道》诞生了。其出版商是总部位于伦敦的F(1000)，希望为商业实验室积累的重复性试验提供发表平台，同样也促使学术界的科学家随之效仿，提供更多信息。

点评：Ⅳ段说明Preclinical Reproducibility and Robustness Channel创刊的原因和目的。学术界基本上是铁板一块，但是商业公司扯开一个突破口。①②句说明确创刊的原因。③句说明创刊的目的：将商业实验室零散的研究收集起来，并且刺激学术界效仿。commercial laboratories说明目前愿意做验证性研究的还只有商业公司的研究机构，纯学术机构尚没有大规模的相应。

翻译：事情到现在可能要发生变化了。可重复性和科学过程的全部公开比以前得到更多的讨论。2014年，为了商业进步，加利福尼亚州斯坦福大学的元研究创新中心成立，专门致力于这项事业。

点评：Ⅴ段分析现状。分别从舆论导向上和机构设立上证明重复性研究已经得到越来越多的重视。

翻译：如果这个机构能够蓬勃发展——甚至如果有人模仿，产生更多的类似机构——可能甚至

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让批评他人有问题的研究成为一种职业：科学的法官。这绝不是肯定的，而且这可能也很难获得诺贝尔奖。但是清理混乱是一个值得赞扬的行为，本周为发表重复性试验而创立的新刊是这个清理的一部分。

点评：Ⅵ段展望未来，以“进-退-进”肯定了期刊的积极作用，表达了科研应该“只看该不该做，不论个人利益得失”的观点。①句设想了此举光明的前途，②句退一步指出，从事重复性试验的个人前途不一定如此光明，也不一定得到大奖的垂青。 ③句以an honourable activity肯定了其意义，mopping up messes 指清除结论不可靠的研究。

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第15篇

本文选自《华尔街日报》中一篇名为“Cyberinsurance Gets Personal”的文章。文章指出随着网络安全问题日益严峻，保险商推出了网络安全保险及相关服务，以帮助人们确保个人投资、网络信息的安全。本文就保险商如何推销自己的产品、产品服务类别、定价问题及具体案例等进行了详细解读。

原文

I ①Data breaches at banks, health-care providers and government agencies have led companies to invest more insecurity programs. ②Now, security providers are pitching business style protection to consumers.

II ①Many homeowners’insurance policies include identity-theft coverage, which typically includes access to credit monitoring and a case manager who can help victims clean up the mess. ②But some companies are taking consumer cyber protection a step further, offering home security audits and checking whether computer systems are hack-proof. ③The pitch is that individuals with investments and sensitive data they access on home and mobile systems may be more vulnerable than they think.

III ①Avivah Litan, a security analyst at Stamford, Conn. -based Gartner Research, says these services could prove more valuable than identity-theft insurance, which does little to prevent fraud from actually occurring. ②“You have to put a price tag on your risk,” Ms. Litan says.

IV ①Pure Insurance began offering a “CyberSafe Solutions”program in June.②

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Through a partnership with Concentric Advisors, a cyber- and personal security firm, the insurer provides a one-day audit of home networks, starting at $1,500. ③For another $500 to $3,000 monthly, it will monitor a client’s home computer networks for intrusions. ④Clients also can buy a $2,500 “social engineering assessment,” which analyzes how criminals could exploit publicly available information on a client.

Ⅴ①Martin Hartley, Pure’s chief operating officer, says the programs was launched after the insurer started receiving cyber-related claims, including one in which an intruder hacked into a client’s e-mail and ordered the client’s personal assistant to transfer $115,000 to a Florida account. ②He says the bank declined reimburse the amount since anauthorized user—the assistant—had approved the transaction.

Ⅵ①Rick DeGolia, the mayor of Atherton, Calif., says he has signed up for a security audit of his home networks and devices from Pure. ②He says he considers the chances of someone hacking into his accounts and stealing funds to be greater than the probability of a natural disaster destroying his home. ③“You wouldn’t buy a house without home-owner’s insurance,” he says.

Ⅶ①Still, not everyone who thinks they need extra protection does, says Scott Johnson, a former Secret Service agent and founder of Trailblazer International, a cybersecurity and executive-protection firm in State College, Pa. “Some people are just paranoid.”

(“Cyberinsurance Gets Personal.” By Ms. Anand Sep. 21st,2015. Wall Street Journal.)

词汇短语

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1. breach [briːtʃ] n.泄密，失信；破坏；违背

2. invest [ɪn'vest] 投资

3. ptith [pɪtʃ] v. 投，掷；推销；n. 广告语

4. access ['æksɛs] v. 进入，使用，接近

5. credit [crɛdɪt] n. 贷款

6. monitor [ˈmɒnɪtə(r)] v. 监控

7. vulnerable [ˈvʌlnərəbl] adj. 易破坏的，脆弱的

8. fraud [frɔ:d] n. 欺骗，诡计

9. insurer [ɪnˈʃʊərə(r)] n. 保险公司，承保人

10. assessment[əˈsesmənt]n. 评定，估价

11. exploit [ɪkˈsplɔｪt] v. 开发，开拓，利用

12. launch [lɔ:ntʃ] v. 开始，开展；发射

13. claim [kleɪm]n. 要求；索赔

14. intruder [ɪnˈtru:də(r)]闯入者，入侵者，干扰者

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15. *reimburse[ri:ɪmɜ::s]v. 偿还，付还，归还

16. authorize [ˈɔ:θəraɪz] 授权，批准，委托

17. *paranoid[pærənɔｪd] adj. 偏执的

（注：标*的为超纲词）

点评

翻译:银行数据泄露、医疗保健商和政府机构都在引导公司向安全项目投资更多。安全提供商正在向消费者推销商业风格的保护。

点评:段I提出了网络信息安全存在的问题，并随之引伸出安全提供商的服务。句①以银行、医疗机构、政府机构三种大型机构并列开篇，侧面说明信息安全存在严重威胁。句②紧扣题目，引出文章主旨，即安全提供商为消费者提供的business style protection。

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on home and mobile systems may be more vulnerable than they think.

翻译:许多业主保险政策包括身份盗窃报道，通常包括信贷监控和可以帮助受害者收拾残局的案件经理。但有些公司将消费者网络保护服务进一步深化，提供家庭安全审计，并检查计算机系统是否防黑客。广告语是个人在家庭和移动系统上访问的投资项目和敏感数据可能比他们想象的更脆弱。

点评:段II讨论了安全提供商提供的业务种类及吸引顾客的方式，是对段I中business style protection的详细说明。句①说明了一种较为普遍的业务identity-theft coverage ，并用which引导的非限定性定语从句对其进行详细说明。句②指出另一种保障信息安全的服务方式。But及take astep further均表明一些公司在网络安全保障工作方面做出了更大的努力，用以吸引顾客。句③指明商家以何种方式来说服顾客购买他们的服务，关键词为vulnerable，说明信息的脆弱性、易破坏性。

翻译:就职于康涅狄格州斯坦福德市Gartner研究中心的安全分析师Avivah Litan说道：“这些服务可能会比那些并未防止欺诈发生的身份盗窃保险价值更高。”Litan女士还说道：“你必须为你的风险标价。”

点评:段III引用安全分析师的话来证明现今安全服务的价值。句①中these services指代段II中提到的服务，并将它们与identity-theft insurance 作对比，说明其有效性。句②中为自己的风险标价进一步证明了网络安全保险存在的价值。

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IV ①Pure Insurance began offering a “CyberSafe Solutions”program in June.②Through a partnership with Concentric Advisors, a cyber- and personal security firm, the insurer provides a one-day audit of home networks, starting at $1,500. ③For another $500 to $3,000 monthly, it will monitor a client’s home computer networks for intrusions. ④Clients also can buy a $2,500 “social engineering assessment,” which analyzes how criminals could exploit publicly available information on a client.

翻译:Pure保险公司从6月份开始提供“网络安全解决方案”项目。通过与经营网络和个人安全的Concentric顾问公司合作，保险商为家庭网络提供了一个为期一天的审计，起价1500美元。每月另付500美元到3000美元，它将监控客户的家用电脑网络入侵状况。客户也可以购买2500美元的“社会工程评估”用以分析罪犯如何利用客户公开可获得的信息。

点评:段IV介绍了一家保险公司有关网络安全的具体业务，是对开篇提到的business style protection及段II中业务种类的进一步详细解释。句①点名保险商开发的服务项目名称。句②主干为the insurer provides a one-day audit，并结合方式状语（through）说明合作商，结合伴随状语（startingat）点名价格。句③④介绍了价值500-3000美金及2500美金的其他服务。

翻译:Martin Hartley，Pure保险公司的首席运营官说，保险公司开始受理网络相关索赔后，项目启动，案件包括一位入侵者侵入客户的电子邮件，并要求客户的个人助理向佛罗里达帐户转账115000美元。他说，银行因有授权用户—他的助手—准许该交易而拒绝偿还这笔资金。

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点评:段Ⅴ讲述了因网络安全而起的具体索赔案例。句①借Pure保险公司的首席运营官的转述，说明网络安全项目已经开启，并引出一起具体网络入侵案件。句②讲述了此案件的后果，及其处理难度之大，更加突出了网络安全保险公司存在的价值。

翻译:加州阿瑟顿市长Rick DeGolia说，他已经签署了Pure保险公司的家庭网络安全审计和设备。他说他认为有人侵入他的账户并窃取他的钱财的可能性要大于资金自然灾害破坏他家的可能性。“你不会买没有业主的保险的房子。”他说道。

点评:段Ⅵ讲述了阿瑟顿市长对网络安全采取的保护措施及态度。句①列举了市长在Pure公司购买的服务和设备，充分证明他对网络安全的重视程度之高。句②中，市长就黑客入侵财务帐户和自然灾害破坏房屋的可能性进行了对比，句③将房屋保险与网络安全保险进行类比，都侧面证明了网络安全问题发生频率较高，应该引起大家的足够重视。

翻译:然而,并不是每个人都认为他们需要额外的保护，前特勤处特工和开拓者国际的创始人Scott Johnson说“有些人就是偏执。”开拓者国际是位于宾夕法尼亚州州立大学内的网络安全防护公司。

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点评:段Ⅶ援引他人话语表明还是有人不重视网络安全，但是这是一种较为偏执的行为。

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第16篇

文章节选自The Guardian（《卫报》）一篇题为“Coca-Cola says its drinks don't cause obesity. Science says otherwise”（《可口可乐称自己的饮料不会造成肥胖，科学家不以为然》）的文章。美国的肥胖问题一直是引起人们的广泛关注，尽管世界卫生组织(WHO)宣布肥胖症为全球流行病，但美国的问题最为严重：三分之二的成年人和五分之一的儿童超重或肥胖。美国官方公共卫生机构疾病控制中心(Centers for Disease Control)正敦促人们少喝甜饮料，以减轻肥胖程度。人们现在也越来越担心含糖饮料导致肥胖症流行，可口可乐(Coca-Cola)已采取措施来应对这种担忧。本文聚焦于可口可乐公司采取的措施之一：花钱请专家洗清饮料致肥的罪责，探讨了接受赞助的专家所得研究成果的可信度，并表明自己的看法，要谨慎对待此种研究结论。

原文

I.①These days, you almost have to feel sorry for soda companies. ②Sales of sugar-sweetened and diet drinks have been falling for a decade in the United States, and a new Gallup Poll says 60% of Americans are trying to avoid drinking soda.③ In attempts to reverse these trends and deflect concerns about the health effects of sugary drinks, the soda industry invokes elements of the tobacco industry’s classic playbook: cast doubt on the science, discredit critics, invoke nanny statism and attribute obesity to personal irresponsibility.

II.①For at least the last 10 years, Coca-Cola’s annual reports to the US Securities and Exchange Commission have listed obesity and its health consequences as the single greatest threat to the company profits.② The industry counters this threat with intensive marketing, lobbying and millions of dollars poured into fighting campaigns to tax or cap the size of sugary drinks.③But it is also pours millions into convincing researchers and

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health professionals to view sodas as benign.

III.①This week’s revelation of Coca-Cola’s funding of the Global Energy Balance Network is only the latest example of this strategy in action.② The Network promotes the idea that to prevent obesity you don’t need to bother about eating less or drinking less soda. ③You just have to be more active.

IV.①A reporter who looked into this group discovered that Coca-Cola had funded the research of the scientists behind it, and generously.② The network’s website was registered to Coca-Cola. ③None of this, however, had been made explicit.

V.①Most nutrition professional journals now require researchers to declare who funds their studies, making it possible to compare study outcomes with funding sources.②Studies sponsored by Coca-Cola almost invariably report no association of sugary drinks with diabetes, they question the validity of studies that do find such associations or, as in the case of Global Energy Balance Network investigators, they find activity to be the most important determinant of body weight.

VI.①Researchers funded by Coca-Cola need to take special care to control for unconscious biases but can only do this if they recognize the possibility.② Many do not. ③Neither do many peer reviewers or editors of scientific journals.④ Although food-company financial support should not necessarily bias results, it appears to do so in practice.

VII.①Industry-funded scientists resent questioning of the influence of sponsorship on the quality of their science.② They charge that investigators who find adverse effects of

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sodas on health are equally biased by career goals, righteous zeal or anti-corporate morality.③Yes, independent scientists may have biases of their own, but their overarching research goal is to improve public health.④ In contrast, the goal of soda companies is to use research as a marketing tool.

VIII.①Disclosure is essential.② If a study is funded by Coca-Cola, caveat emptor.

（Coca-Cola says its drinks don't cause obesity. Science says otherwise）词汇短语

1. diet drinks:无糖碳酸饮料

2. reverse: [rɪ'vɜːs] v.颠倒；倒转

3. deflect: [dɪ'flekt] v.使转向；使偏斜；使弯曲

4. invoke:[ɪn'vəʊk] v. 调用；祈求；引起；恳求

5. playbook: ['pleɪbʊk] n.剧本

6. discredit: [dɪs'kredɪt] v.不信；使……丢脸

7. obesity: [ə(ʊ)'biːsɪtɪ] n.肥大，肥胖

8. counter: ['kaʊntə] v.反击，还击；反向移动，对着干；反驳，回答

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9. lobbying:['lɒbɪɪŋ] n. 游说

10. cap: [kæp] vt.覆盖；胜过；给…戴帽；加盖于，限制

11. benign: [bɪ'naɪn] adj.良性的；和蔼的，亲切的；吉利的

12. revelation: [revə'leɪʃ(ə)n] n.启示；揭露；出乎意料的事；被揭露的真相

13. explicit:[ɪk'splɪsɪt; ek-]adj. 明确的；清楚的；直率的；详述的

14. diabetes: [,daɪə'biːtiːz] n.糖尿病；多尿症

15. validity: [və'lɪdɪtɪ] n.[计] 有效性；正确；正确性

16. determinant: [dɪ'tɜːmɪnənt] n.决定因素；[数] 行列式

17. adverse:['ædvɜːs] adj. 不利的；相反的；敌对的

18. righteous:['raɪtʃəs] adj. 正义的；正直的；公正的

19. overarching: [,əʊvər'ɑːtʃɪŋ] adj.首要的；支配一切的；包罗万象的

20. caveat emptor: 买方自慎; 货物售出，概不退还

注：标*为超纲词

点评

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翻译:如今，你几乎要为汽水公司感到难过了。十年里美国含糖饮料和无糖碳酸饮料的销量一直下滑，一个新的盖洛普民意测验称60%的美国人正试着避免喝汽水。为了努力逆转这个趋势，转移人们对甜味饮料健康与否的担忧，饮料业援引了烟草业的经典策略：质疑科学，推翻批评，求助保姆式国家主义，认为肥胖不是个人的责任。

点评:文章一共有八段，可以分为三个部分。其中一，二，三段为第一部分，作为引子，引出饮料业针对人们反肥胖，拒绝碳酸饮料的趋势而采取的措施，从而提出全文讨论的对象：饮料业花钱请专家为碳酸饮料洗清罪名。四五六七段对这个现象进行具体的分析和揭露，指出接受饮料公司资助的研究者得出的研究结论是有偏见的。第八段对全文进行总结，提出公众应警惕经可口可乐公司赞助的研究得出的结论。

第一段作者指出饮料业效仿烟草业做法来逆转人们反对碳酸饮料的趋势。句①②作者首先退而指出饮料界所面临的惨淡景象，句①以类似祈使句的语气提出人们应对饮料业感到遗憾，引起读者好奇心。Haveto暗含饮料公司遭遇的状况已成定局且形势十分不佳。Almost又意味着作者的实际态度是认为人们不用为饮料公司感到遗憾。句②以实际数据表明饮料公司所面临的挑战。其中havebeen falling及aretrying to分别以现在完成进行时和现在进行时体现这种情况开始已久且持续延续的情形，也侧面强调了问题之严峻。句③转而指出饮料公司对此种情形所采取的策略。Reverse意味（Whensomeone or something reverses a decision, policy, or trend, they

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change it tothe opposite decision, policy, or trend. ）使 (决定、政策、趋势) 转向;逆转，强调饮料公司的决心，也与后文中饮料公司利用研究者来颠倒是非的状况相照应。Thesetrends回指句②中所出现的状况。Invoke（citeas an authority; resort to援引）与classic都从侧面说明烟草业的做法是取得一定成效的，而playbook原意指剧本，此处指ascheme or set of strategies for conducting a business campaign or a politicalcampaign，即商业活动的方案。冒号之后对方案进行具体说明，cast,invoke, attribute三个并列成分堆叠，层层递进说明其策略。

翻译:在过去的至少十年里，可口可乐提交美国证券交易委员会的年度报告里把肥胖及其对健康的影响列为公司盈利最大的威胁。汽水业通过密集型营销，游说来抵抗这种威胁，并投入数百万美元对抗向饮料公司征税并限制甜味饮料的活动。而汽水业还投入了数百万美元使研究者和健康专家认为汽水是无害的。

点评:第二段是对第一段句③的具体做法的说明。句①进一步强调这种趋势对饮料公司带来的影响。Atleast限定时间强调这个问题存在的时间之久远，singlegreatest修饰threat，反映出人们反对饮料的趋势影响之大，同时也解释了饮料公司为什么不惜重金来应对。句②③具体说明做法，this threat与句①同指，intensive强调其采取行动之密集猛烈，millionsof 和pourinto形象的展现出大把资金被用来应对严峻局面的场景。句③进而指出饮料公司还把研究者和健康专家作为营销的工具，从而正式引入本文要讨论的话题对象，convince（make(someone) agree, understand, or realize the truth or validity of something说服，使信服）一词暗含着研究者等被动相信健康

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与否与含糖饮料无关的理论，也为后文的揭露埋下伏笔。

翻译:这周爆出可口可乐给全球能量平衡网络提供资金则是这项正在实施的策略最新的例证。这个网络宣扬防止肥胖症你不需要费心少吃或少喝饮料，你只需要变得更加运动。

点评:第三段以具体例子说明第二段，句①以可口可乐公司为全球能量平衡网络提供资金为切入口回应第二段句③，this week与only thelatest相互照应，thisstrategy指代第二段句③，实现段落之间的衔接。句②③并列说明此网络的观点。Promote（tryto persuade people to support or use something倡议，提倡）展现平衡网络极力宣扬与兜售肥胖与饮料无关的观点，侧面体现了作者对其观点的不认可与讽刺。句③中just反射出平衡网络观点的片面性。

翻译:调查这个组织的一个记者发现可口可乐给研究背后的科学家提供资金，数额丰厚。网络的网站在可口可乐公司注册。然而这些信息都没有透明化。

点评:第四五六七段对第二段提出的现象做进一步分析。

第四段指出第三段提到的全球能量平衡网络的局限，指出问题所在，即可口可乐与此组织有千

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丝万缕的联系但此情况并未公之于众。句①②并列说明记者的发现，句③对这种情况进行总结，however一词反向强调公司与组织的关系应该公开。

翻译:大多数营养专业期刊要求研究者声明谁资助了自己的研究，使得能够对研究结果和资金来源做比较。由可口可乐公司资助的研究几乎都是报道糖尿病与甜味饮料无关，并且质疑认为两者有关的研究的有效性，或者如全球能量平衡网络研究者那样认为运动是体重最重要的决定因素。

点评:第五段进而指出公开研究资金来源的必要性，实则也表明了作者的建议，句①指出大多数专业期刊的做法，表达了作者的支持态度，句②解释了这种必要性。Almostinvariably指出受公司赞助的研究者一贯且统一的站位，也为后文对此行为的批判提供依据。Report，question, find相并列，共同展现由可口可乐赞助的研究竭力promote宣扬饮料与肥胖无关的观点，也侧面表现出饮料公司极力扭转局势的决心。

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翻译:可口可乐公司赞助的研究者需要格外注意控制潜意识的偏见，但也只能在觉察到这种可能性的情况下才能如此。许多人并意识不到，对许多同行评审员或科技期刊的编辑来说也是这样。尽管食品公司的财政支持并不一定会使结果产生偏见，但在实际中看来确实会这样。

点评:第六段接着从个人的角度分析由行业赞助的研究者存在偏见在现实生活中是不可避免的状况，句①对接受企业赞助的研究者提出建议，即注意控制会造成偏见的潜意识，接着句中转折（but）指出控制此种潜意识的条件是先意识到其存在，而作者实际的站位是，研究者通常根本不可能意识到自己受这种潜意识影响。句②接着指出实际情况。句③引入同行评审对这种情况进行补充说明。即从研究者得出结果到对结果进行印证整个过程都避免不了受到潜在偏见的影响。句④although引起让步状语从句，逗号前后两部分形成鲜明对比，后半部分是对本段进行一个总结，即现实中接受赞助的研究者的研究成果必定是带有偏见。

翻译:行业赞助的科学家讨厌怀疑赞助对其科学研究质量的影响。他们控告认为汽水对健康有不良影响的研究者同样也因职业目标，一腔热情或者反公司理念而有所偏见。是的，独立科学家或许也有自己的偏见，但他们首要的研究目标是改善公共健康。相比之下，汽水公司的目标是利用研究作为营销手段。

点评:第七段通过对比独立科学家与受企业赞助科学家的研究目标的不同指出饮料公司赞助科学家的实质不是为了保障健康，而是一种营销手段。句①②首先指出得到行业赞助的科学家的辩白，resent和charge都是带有强烈感情意义的词汇，体现研究者极力证明自己清白的样子。句③作者先退而赞成上述观点，接着转折But对其观点进行致命一击，作者指出独立科学家虽然也有偏见，但出发点是公众健康，句④明确对比，指出接受赞助的研究者不过是饮料公司营销的工具。

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VIII.①Disclosure is essential.② If a study is funded by Coca-Cola, caveat emptor.

翻译:披露是很必要的，如果一个研究是可口可乐赞助的，那顾客就得留心了。

点评:第八段作者对其观点进行总结，指出对饮料公司赞助的宣称饮料对健康无害的研究结果要极为警惕。句①disclosure指第四五段所提到的对研究者资金来源的披露，句②直截了当表达观点。

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第17篇

本文选自《经济学人》一篇题为《非理性时代》的文章。文章主要以中国为例介绍经济发展，人口老龄化和心理健康三者之间的关系。本文选自文章前半部分，主要介绍经济飞速发展的中国面临的心理健康问题，引出关于经济发展、老龄化和心理健康三者关系的讨论，选段采取现象——原因的结构。文章虽然围绕心理健康问题，但专业性不强，偏重心理健康与社会、经济的关系，适合做阅读训练，补充相关词汇。

原文

I ①China’s psychiatric system, such as it was, was largely shut down after 1949; the new Communist government made no provision for mental illness in a rationally ordered society. ②Yet as the country has grown richer and more urbanised, demand for mental-health care has grown. ③In 2012 China passed its first national mental-health law.

II ①This is a typical pattern. ②The rise of psychiatry in America coincided with the post-war economic boom. ③Surveys by the World Health Organisation (WHO) show that spending on mental-health services increases sharply once GDP per person reaches around $20,000—the same level at which people start buying insurance, yogurt and other middle-class indulgences.

III ①Two things lie behind this. ②Richer societies put more resources into diagnosing and treating mental illness, and older societies have more people with dementia. ③China is on its way to becoming both rich and old. ④This shift is usually accompanied by an expectation that society ought to shoulder more of the cost of treating mental illness, which can become too heavy for a single family to bear.

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IV ①The statistical relationship between mental illness and development is new evidence for an old theory. ②Since the 19th century, people have been arguing that mental illness is a price to be paid for progress. ③In “Civilisation and its Discontents”, Sigmund Freud popularised the notion that neurosis increased in tandem with profit. ④Before Freud, an American neurologist, George Beard, had noted that a nervous disorder he labelled neurasthenia (and others nicknamed “Americanitis”) was on the rise. ⑤He put it down to the speeding up of modern life, facilitated by the telegraph, the railway and the press.

V ①Neurasthenia disappeared from the psychiatrist’s lexicon in 20th-century America but enjoyed a long afterlife in China... ②It faded from view only after Arthur Kleinman, a Harvard anthropologist, conducted fieldwork in China in the 1980s and concluded that the symptoms of neurasthenia were rather like those of depression. ③Drug companies spied an opportunity to sell pills that they were already making. ④Rates of diagnosis for depression, which was virtually unknown in China 20 years ago, are now catching up with those elsewhere.

VI ①This is not because economic progress, of which China has seen more than any other country over the past three decades, makes people sick. ②Rather, it is due to a combination of the profound effect that growing richer has on diagnosis and the less forgiving standards for normal behaviour set by modern service-sector jobs. ③Dealing directly with customers makes different demands on the brain from work in a factory or on the land.

（The Age of Unreason）

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词汇短语

1.*psychiatry[saɪ'kaɪətrɪ] n.心理治疗

2.make no provision for 没有为…做准备;(法律)没有对…做规定

3.yogurt['jɒgət] n.酸奶

4.diagnose['daɪəgnəʊz] vt.诊断(疾病);判断(问题)

5.*dementia[dɪ'menʃə]n.痴呆

6.shoulder['ʃəʊldə] vt.肩负,承担

7.*neurosis[,njʊə'rəʊsɪs] n.神经官能症

8.*in tandem with 同…串联，同…合作

9.*neurologist [,njʊə'rɒlədʒɪst]n.神经学家

10.*neurasthenia[,njʊərəs'θiːnɪə] n.神经衰弱

11.be on the rise 增长,上升

12.put sth down to 将…归结于…

13.*lexicon['leksɪk(ə)n]n.(某一学科,个人或群体的)全部词汇

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14.*anthropologist [,ænθrə'pɒlədʒɪst] n.人类学家

15.depression [dɪ'preʃ(ə)n] n.抑郁症

16.spy[spaɪ] vt.发现,察觉

17.catch up with 赶上

（注：标*为超纲词）

点评

翻译：1949年后，中国的心理治疗体系基本瘫痪；在理性有序的新中国社会里，新政府没有为心理疾病做好准备。但随着中国更加繁荣，城市化水平提高，人们对于心理健康护理的需求也有所增加。2012年，中国颁布了第一部全国性心理健康法律。

点评：段I介绍中国心理健康的历史和现状。①句介绍中国心理健康的历史，全句由分号分成两部分，前半部分介绍建国后心理治疗体系的崩溃，后半部分进一步阐释政府忽视心理健康问题。其中rationally ordered society与文章题目age of unreason对比，凸显时代的变化。②句转而（Yet）介绍经济发展和城市化水平提高导致人们对于心理健康护理的需求也有所增加。③句以中国2012年颁布的心理健康法律为例说明②句中体现的变化。

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翻译：这种模式十分典型。美国的心理治疗也是随着二战后经济繁荣而兴起的。世界卫生组织调查表明，人均国内生产总值达到2万美元左右时，心理健康服务花费显著增加——同一水平下，人们还会进行购买保险，酸奶等中产阶级享受性消费。

点评：段II类比中美两国，得出经济发展与心理健康的典型模式。①句总结上文，this指代段I中中国心理健康随经济发展产生变化的模式。②句以美国为例，证明①句中提到的，段I中中国也出现了的典型模式。③句引用世卫组织的研究结果，为二者关系提供数据支撑。

翻译：这种现象背后有两个原因。经济发达的社会将更多资源用于心理疾病的诊断和治疗，而老龄化严重的社会则有更多人受痴呆的影响。中国现在日益繁荣，老龄化也日益严重。伴随这种变化，通常人们期待社会应该更多承担起治疗心理疾病的费用，因为这些费用对单个家庭来说可能过于沉重。

点评：段III分析前两段中提到的关系模式背后的原因。①句直截了当点明段落主题，背后有两

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个原因。this指代上文典型模式，即经济发展与心理健康之间的相互关系。②句接着解释经济发展可以增加心理疾病诊断和治疗方面的投入，人口老龄化则导致心理疾病患者数量增多。③句说明两种趋势——经济发展和老龄化，在中国都存在。④介绍这一转变带来的后果。this shift指代上文提到心理疾病由少变多的转变。人们希望社会能够减轻患者家庭的经济负担。

翻译：心理疾病和经济发展之间相关性的数据支撑，重新证明了以前一个理论。19世纪以来，人们一直在争论心理疾病是不是人类为了进步必须付出的代价。弗洛伊德在《文明与缺憾》一书中提出神经官能症随着盈利增加，这一概念深入人心。弗洛伊德之前，美国神经学家乔治·彼尔德就曾指出他命名为神经衰弱（其他人昵称为“美国病”）的神经症在不断增加。他将其原因归结于由电报、铁路、媒体造成的快节奏现代生活。

点评：段IV追溯了以前关于经济发展与心理健康关系的理论。①句承上启下，this statistical relationship指代上文中关于二者关系的研究成果，重新证明了以前的理论，引出下文对于相关理论的讨论。②句点明这一理论：心理疾病是不是人类进步的代价。③④⑤分别介绍弗洛伊德（③）和彼尔德（④⑤）两人观点：经济发展会带来更多的心理疾病。

V ①Neurasthenia disappeared from the psychiatrist’s lexicon in 20th-century

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America but enjoyed a long afterlife in China... ②It faded from view only after Arthur Kleinman, a Harvard anthropologist, conducted fieldwork in China in the 1980s and concluded that the symptoms of neurasthenia were rather like those of depression. ③Drug companies spied an opportunity to sell pills that they were already making. ④Rates of diagnosis for depression, which was virtually unknown in China 20 years ago, are now catching up with those elsewhere.

翻译：到了20世纪，神经衰弱一词已经从美国心理治疗师的词汇中消失，但在中国还是延续了很长时间。直到20世纪80年代哈佛人类学家凯博文在中国进行田野考察并断定神经衰弱的症状和抑郁症十分相似，神经衰弱一词才淡出大众视野。药品企业抓住这一机会出售产品。20年前的中国，抑郁症几乎无人知晓，如今确诊率却在赶超其他国家和地区。

点评：段V补充介绍了心理疾病名称症状的变化，又回到中国的心理健康状况。①②指出神经衰弱一词的发展变化并最终让位于抑郁症一词。③句介绍诊断发生变化也会给制药公司带来机遇。④句再次回到中国的心理健康现状：抑郁症诊断率正在赶超其他国家和地区。

翻译：人们生病不是因为过去30年间中国举世无双的经济发展。原因在于经济发展对于疾病诊断有深刻影响，同时现代服务业工作对正常行为设置了非常严苛的标准。直接和顾客交流，与工厂打工、农村种地对于大脑有不一样的要求。

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点评：段VI进一步分析上段末尾提到中国抑郁症增加的原因。①句承上启下，this指代上文提到中国抑郁症确诊率升高的现象，否定句开头，为下句提供真正的答案做了铺垫。②句正面回答原因：经济发展导致疾病诊断发生重大变革，现代服务业严苛的行为标准规范。it同①句中this指代相同。③句进一步解释现代服务业与传统农业、工业工作方式的区别，说明②句中第二点原因。

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第18篇

本文选自《经济学人》中的科技栏目，标题为”Friendship, then benefits”，文章探讨了一个当下日益流行的话题“颜值在恋爱中的作用”，通过介绍权威人士所做的科学研究得出结论，颜值对于起初不认识的恋人而言起着很大作用，然而对于起初是朋友后来确立恋爱关系的恋人而言并不重要，由此研究结论来引出本文的标题“友谊的裨益”。本文短小精悍，结构清晰，话题有趣，难度适中，使读者观察生活的同时也学习到流行文化中的英语知识。

原文

I ①BEAUTY opens many doors. ②Study after study has concluded that the comely earn more, are better liked, are treated more indulgently and are even given more lenient sentences in court than their plainer counterparts. ③The door it opens widest, though, is the romantic one. ④As both common sense and evolutionary theory suggest should happen,

beautiful

people

attract

beautiful

partners.

⑤

But

not

always.Occasionally,handsome men choose plain women, and vice versa.

II ①Why this should be vexes psychologists and biologists alike. ②A study by Lucy Hunt of the University of Texas at Austin, and her colleagues, soon to be published in Psychological Science, suggests an answer.③It depends on whether the couples inquestions were friends before they were lovers.

III ①Ms Hunt asked 167 couples how they had come to know one another. ②Individuals were questioned alone,and their responses compared with those of their other halves.③Those responses were mixed: 40% of couples said they were friends before they were lovers, while 41% said they were not. (The remaining 19% could not agree, with one

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member of the couple saying they had been friends before hand and the other denying it.)

IV ①To measure participants’ attractiveness, Ms Hunt showed videos of them to a group of undergraduates who had not been told the experiment’s goal. ②The students were asked to rate the attractiveness of the people in the videos on a seven-point scale.③Generally, the scores assigned to a participant by different students agreed with one another, which allowed MsHunt to calculate, with a fair degree of confidence, just how well-correlated in the beauty stakes a pair of lovers were.

V ①She and her colleagues found that the attractiveness of couples who became romantic partners soon after their first meeting had an average correlation of 0.46 (out of a maximum possible of 1.0). ②In other words, if a man in such a couple was rated as “very attractive”, there was a fair chance that his female counterpart would be rated as “very attractive” too. ③In contrast, those who were friends first had an average correlation of just 0.18. ④Tellingly, the researchers found that the longer the members of a couple had known each other before becoming lovers, the lower was the strength of the correlation.

VI ①So a period of pre-romantic friendship can indeed erode beauty’s pulling power.②But why? One explanation Ms Huntproposes is that friendship gives potential mates time to assess subtler attributes, such as intelligence and dependability, as well as the more obvious signal of outward beauty. ③Given the huge commitment, by both sexes, involved in raising children, such a strategy of long-term assessment is likely to have evolution on its side.

VII ①That does, though, raise questions. ②One is, why does love at first sight persist?③Another is, if beauty is, in an evolutionary sense, tradable for good parenting skills, what

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does that have to say about the parenting skills of beautiful couples?

(“Friends, then benefits” from the printed edition: Science and Technology. 20th June, 2015. The Economist)

词汇短语

1. *comely adj 标致的，秀丽的，好看的

2. *indulgently adv [ɪn'dʌldʒəntlɪ] 纵容地，放纵地；宽容地

3. *lenient adj [ˈliniənt, ˈlinjənt] 仁慈的，温和的

4. sentences n 判决，宣判，课刑

5. plain adj 朴素的，简朴的；相貌平常的，不好看的

6. counterpart n [ˈkaʊntərpɑ:rt] 互为补充的人或物，相对应的人或物

7. evolutionary adj [ˌi:vəˈlu:ʃəneri] 演变的，演化的；进化论的，根据进化论的

8. occasionally adv 偶尔的，偶然间的，间或发生的

9. rate v 对…估价，评估

10. scale n 大小，规模，范围

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11. assigned to 分配，给予，布置

12. calculate v 估计，预测，推测

13. fair adj 相当大（或多、长等）的，充分的

14.correlated adi [ˈkɔ:rəleɪt] 相关的，有关联的

15. stake n 利害关系

16. average adj 平均的

17. maximum n [ˈmæksəməm] 最大值

18. *tellingly adv 有效地，有力地，显著地

19. *erode v 腐蚀，侵蚀；逐步毁坏，削弱

20. assess v 对…进行估测，评论

21. persist v [pərˈsɪst] 持续，存留

22. tradable adj 可交易的，可交换的

注：标*为超纲词汇

点评

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I ①BEAUTY opens many doors. ②Study after study has concluded that the comely earn more, are better liked, are treated more indulgently and are even given more lenient sentences in court than theirplainer counterparts. ③The door it opens widest, though, is the romantic one. ④As both common sense and evolutionary theory suggest should happen,

beautiful

people

attract

beautiful

partners.

⑤

But

not

always.Occasionally,handsome men choose plain women, and vice versa.

翻译：美丽的外表可以为我们的人生开启很多扇门。一次次的研究表明长得好看的人薪水更高，更受人喜欢，也收到更多的包容，甚至于和外表平平的人相比他们在法庭上所受的惩罚也更轻微。美在恋爱关系中的裨益最大。常识和进化理论均表明美丽的人往往相互吸引，然而也不总是这样，有时英俊的男人选择长相一般的女人，反之亦然。

点评：本文结构总体上是“总-分-总”结构，第1自然段与第2自然段作为引子，引出本文的中心话题，即“外表对于由友情发展成恋情的恋人来讲并没有那么重要”，3、4与5自然段介绍了露西·亨特女士与其同事针对此做的科学调查，并得出结论。第6、7自然段在总结全文的基础上，又进一步引申联想，提出新问题。

第1自然段为我们陈述了一个普遍的社会现象，即长得好看的人吃得开，在段末提出一种对立的现象从而过渡到第二自然段。句②虽长却只有一句，主干为”study after study has concluded that”，”that”引导的宾语从句看似很长，也只有一个主语和几个并列谓语，梳理好句子的结构和成分就可理解。句③用了隐喻的修辞，“门开的最宽”即提供了最大的机会，也就是带来最多的益处。

149

翻译：究竟为什么会出现这种情况，心理学家们与生物学家纷纷感到困惑。来自奥斯汀德克萨斯州立大学的露西·亨特与其同事对此进行研究调查并给出答案，结果很快就在《心理科学》杂志上发表。一对恋人在确定关系之前是否是朋友起着很大的作用。

点评：第2自然段中句①中包含了一个why引导的主语从句，”why this should be”为此句的主语，”vex”为句①的谓语动词，需注意句子结构。句③中”in questions”为介词短语，意为“所谈论的，所涉及的”。

翻译：亨特女士咨询了167对恋人的相识途径，对每个人单独提问，并将他们的回答进行对比。大家给出的答案都不一样：40%的恋人在确定关系之前是朋友，而41%的恋人不是（剩下的19%恋人彼此之间存在争议，一方说他们是朋友，而另一方否认）

点评：第3自然段开始介绍调查研究的背景与方法，充足精准的数据使得研究更具有说服力。

150

翻译：为了评估参与者的吸引力，亨特女士将他们的录像展示给一组大学生，并未事先告诉他们测试的目的。学生们要为录像中的人就魅力打分，总分是7分。大体上，不同学生打的分值是一致的，这使得亨特女士自信地估测美丽的外表在恋爱关系中有多么重要。

点评：第4自然段继续解释研究的过程。句②中的”scale”意为“规模，大小”，在此处表示“总分为7分”。句③是个简单句，主干就是”the scores agreed with one another”，”assigned to a participant bydifferent students”为过去分词做后置定语，修饰先行词”scores”，同样，which引导的定语从句修饰本句的主句，在which引导的定语从句中又包含了由how引导的宾语从句，需把握好句子的结构与层次。

翻译：她与同事们还发现在第一次见面后很快成为恋人的情况下，这对恋人的魅力值呈现出0.46的相关性（最大值为1）。也就是说，一对恋人中若男子“很有魅力”，那么很有可能女子也“很有魅力”。而如果一对恋人之前是朋友，那么他们魅力值的平均相关性仅有0.18。并且很明显的是，调查者们发现在确定关系之前恋人认识彼此的时间越长，魅力值的相关性就越低。

点评：第5自然段开始介绍调查实验结果。句②中in other word表示“换句话说，也就是”。实验结果就是“起初不认识的人发展恋情时，恋人的魅力值是有相关性的”，这也印证了“好看的人相互吸引”这一说法，然而起初是朋友之后确立恋爱关系的恋人，他们的魅力值相关性很低，一方

151

长得好看并不意味着另一方也外表出众。

VI ①So a period of pre-romantic friendship can indeed erode beauty’s pulling power.②But why? One explanation Ms Hunt proposes is that friendship gives potential mates time to assess subtler attributes, such as intelligence and dependability, as well as the more obvious signal of outward beauty. ③Given the huge commitment, by both sexes, involved in raising children, such a strategy of long-term assessment is likely to have evolution on its side.

翻译：因此在确立恋爱关系之前如果是朋友，美丽的外表所具有的吸引力则会大大降低。这是为什么呢？亨特女士给出的一种解释是通过做朋友，两人有更多的时间来观察对方外表这一明显特征以外的更细微的品性，例如智力与依赖性。鉴于抚养孩子需要双方极大的投入，从进化论来看长期的观察了解也是很重要的。

点评：第6自然段开始分析实验结论，句①中erode的使用比较形象生动，本来超凡的外表是极具有吸引力的，然而友谊的存在使外表这一因素的重要性大打折扣。句②的深入分析解释了为什么友谊有这样的裨益，作为朋友双方能有更多的时间深入了解彼此，发掘彼此身上更细节性的品性。句③中given意为“鉴于”，毕竟抚养孩子需要很多品质，长时间的观察了解也是极为重要的。

VII ①That does, though, raise questions. ②One is, why does love at first sight persist?③Another is, if beauty is, in an evolutionary sense, tradable for good parenting skills, what does that have to say about the parenting skills of beautiful couples?

翻译：这也提出了问题。一是为什么“一见钟情”仍然存在？另一个问题就是从进化了上来讲，如果美丽的外表能够与抚养孩子的能力交换，那么既拥有出众的外表又擅长抚养孩子的人又怎么解释呢？

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点评：第7自然段对文章主题进一步引申和深化，提出新的问题。即“如果两个因素（美丽的外表与抚养孩子的技能）都具备，那么这种人又要怎么解释呢？”，句②中”love at first sight”为一固定表达，意为“一见钟情”，” persist”为不及物动词，表示继续存在。

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第19篇

本文选自《时代周刊》“健康”板块中一篇名为 “Your Attitude about Aging May Impact How You Age”的文章，讨论了在一医学杂志中发表的两项关于人们对衰老看法影响大脑功能的实验。研究历时数十年，结果发现在步入老年之前倘若人们对衰老持消极看法更容易诱发阿兹海默症（老年痴呆症）。因此科学家提倡更为积极的人生态度，在社会层面更乐观的看待衰老。

原文

I ①How do you feel about old people? ②Your answer appears to be connected with how well your brain holds up against Alzheimer’s disease, according to a series of two new studies published in the journal Psychology and Aging.③The researchers, from the Yale School of PublicHealth, say it’s the first time this type of risk factor has been linked in a study to the development of brain changes linked to Alzheimer’s disease.

II ①In the first study, researchers looked at data from 158 healthy people without dementia enrolled in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). ②In order to find out how people in the study felt about age stereotypes, researchers used a scale with statements like “older people are absent-minded” or “older people have trouble learning new things.” ③People in the study gave these answers when they were in their 40s. ④About 25 years later, when people in that same group were about 68 years old, they began about a decade of annual MRI brain scans to determine the volume of their hippocampus. ⑤People who held more negative thoughts about aging earlier in life had greater loss of hippocampus volume when they aged.

III ①In the second study, researchers examined two more markers of Alzheimer’s

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disease: the build up in the brain of amyloid plaques—clusters of proteins that accumulate between brain cells — and neurofibrillary tangles, twisted strands of protein that build up in brain cells. ②The results were consistent: People who held more negative age stereotypes had significantly higher scores of plaques and tangles than people with more positive feelings about growing old.

IV ①The researchers didn’t look at a mechanism by which negative stereotypes might exert an influence on the brain, but they suspect that stress is the driver. ②Research from 2012 conducted by Levy and others found that people who had more negative age stereotypes before they had reached old age had significantly worse memory performance later in life.

V ①It may be unsettling to think that negative cultural stereotypes about age could be having such a profound effect on how our brains age. ②“We know from other studies that as young as age four, children taken in stereotypes of their culture,” says Levy. ③But the results can be interpreted a different way, too.④“Positive age stereotypes seem protective of not experiencing these biomarkers,” she says—so if we can find a way to promote positive age stereotypes on a societal level, our brains may be better off once we reach old age.

“Your Attitude About Aging May Impact How You Age” by Mandy Oaklander, Dec. 2, 2015. Time.

词汇短语

1*. Alzheimer’s disease ['ælz'ɛmɚ] n. 老年痴呆症，阿兹海默症

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2*. dementia [dɪ'mɛnʃə] n. 痴呆

3. stereotype ['stɛrɪətaɪp] n. 刻板印象；陈词滥调

4. scale [skeɪl] n. 数值范围；规模；刻度 v. 测量；衡量；攀登

5*. MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging 核磁共振成像

6*. hippocampus [,hɪpə'kæmpəs] n. 海马体（大脑中负责学习和记忆的部分）

7. buildup ['bildʌp] n. 形成；增强；发展；树立名誉

8*. amyloid plaque ['æmɪ,lɔɪd] [pleɪg] n. 淀粉样蛋白斑

9. accumulate [ə'kjumjəlet] v. 积攒；累积

10*. neurofibrillary tangle [,njuərəu'faibril] ['tæŋɡl] n. 神经元纤维结

11. mechanism ['mɛkənɪzəm] n. 机制；原理

12. exert [ɪɡ'zɝt] v. 运用，发挥，施以影响

13. unsettling [ʌn'sɛtlɪŋ] adj. 使人不安的；混乱的

14. profound [prə'faʊnd] adj. 深厚的；意义深远的；渊博的

15*. societal [sə'saɪətl] adj. 社会的

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16. better off adj. 经济状况好的，富裕的

注：标*为超纲词汇

点评

I ①How do you feel about old people? ②Your answer appears to be connected with how well your brain holds up against Alzheimer’s disease, according to a series of two new studies published in the journal Psychology and Aging.③The researchers, from the Yale School of Public Health, say it’s the first time this type of risk factor has been linked in a study to the development of brain changes linked to Alzheimer’s disease

翻译：你对老年人怎么样看待？根据两项发表在期刊《心理学与衰老》的新研究，答案看上去跟大脑能多好地与阿兹海默症抗衡有关联。来自耶鲁大学公共卫生学院的研究者认为，这种风险因素是在研究中第一次与关乎阿兹海默症的大脑变化发展联系起来。

点评：段I介绍了本文的主题，研究发现对衰老的看法会影响年老时患老年痴呆症的几率。句①提出问句，启发思索，句②直接给出研究的结果，而句③则对研究的意义进行了简单探讨，引出下文。三句话环环相扣将主要内容都介绍清楚。Risk factor在这里指的是上文提到的your answers on how to feel about the old people；而brainchanges则指下文提到的导致老年痴呆症的各种生物性特征。

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new things.” ③People in the study gave these answers when they were in their 40s.④About 25 years later, when people in that same group were about 68 years old, they began about a decade of annual MRI brain scans to determine the volume of their hippocampus. ⑤People who held more negative thoughts about aging earlier in life had greater loss of hippocampus volume when they aged.

翻译：在第一项研究中，研究者观察了登记在巴尔地摩纵向衰老研究（BLSA）的158名未患痴呆症健康者的数据。为了看出研究中人们如何看待衰老，研究者用分级数据回答类似于 “老年人思维不集中”或“老年人学东西有困难”的论断，研究中人们在四十余岁时给出了他们的答案。25年后，当同一组测试人员大约到68岁时，研究者在十年间每年对受测者大脑中海马体容量进行核磁共振扫描，发现海马体容量的减少跟阿兹海默症相关。早先对衰老看法消极的人在衰老时失去的海马体更多。

点评：段II展开分论述，先介绍第一个实验的测试结果。句①②③介绍了实验一开始（25年前）的测试内容，包括受测者基本情况，测试问题等。句④指出了测试的主要对象是首测者大脑中负责管理记忆和学习的hippocampus，通过观察其容量大小并对比先前对老年人的态度，在句⑤中给出二者的相关性。

III ①In the second study, researchers examined two more markers of Alzheimer’s disease: the build up in the brain of amyloid plaques—clusters of proteins that accumulate between brain cells — and neurofibrillary tangles, twisted strands of protein that build up in brain cells. ②The results were consistent: People who held more negative age stereotypes had significantly higher scores of plaques and tangles than people with more positive feelings about growing old.

翻译：在第二项研究中，研究人员试验了阿兹海默症的两个标志：大脑中淀粉样蛋白斑的生成

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（蛋白质在脑细胞中聚集），以及神经纤维缠结的形成（脑细胞生出的蛋白质缠结）。结果与实验一是连贯的：对衰老持消极观点的那组在蛋白斑和神经纤维缠结数量上高于持积极观点的组。

点评：段III承接上文继续展开分论述，介绍第二个实验。句①指明研究者添加了两项导致老年痴呆症的测试对象，amyloid plaques和neurofibrillary tangles, 并分别对这两个医学术语做出解释。句②总结该测试跟第一次测试具有相关性，对衰老的负面情绪会导致患老年痴呆症的风险加大。

翻译：研究者没有观察消极印象是通过何种机制对大脑产生影响的，但是他们怀疑压力是主要推动力。勒维和其他人自2012年起进行的研究中发现在衰老前就对年老持否定看法的人在老年时记忆力更差。

点评：段IV继续讨论实验的内容，并指出实验关注的重点并非句①前半句提到的“mechanism by which negative stereotype might exert influence on the brain”, 而是后半句提到的压力的作用。并在句②引入2012年的实验证明对衰老感到有压力（对衰老持否定态度）的人在年老时记忆力相对差一些。

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the results can be interpreted a different way, too.④“Positive age stereotypes seem protective of not experiencing these biomarkers,” she says—so if we can find a way to promote positive age stereotypes on a societal level, our brains may be better off once we reach old age.

翻译：否定衰老的文化刻板印象对大脑的衰老是否有这么大的影响尚未可知。勒维称，“在其他研究中我们发现孩子在四岁时就已经有了文化刻板印象”，但是这个结果也可以有不同解读。她说“对年龄积极的看法会使大脑免遭这种生物标记的侵扰”，所以如果我们可以在社会层面上找到一种对年龄有积极看法的刻板印象，那么当我们老的时候大脑依旧可以保持很好的状态。

点评：段V作者提出虽然对衰老的否定看法原因不明，但为健康着想，还是提倡以积极的态度看待老去。句①②提出了在文化对人们对衰老看法的影响很广泛，但对大脑的影响尚且无法直接测算。句③在此基础上，提出应该从不同角度解读这个问题。句④紧接着给出了方法“find a way to promote positive age stereotype on a societal level”, 这样有利于大脑健康。

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第20篇

选段出自《经济学人》的《美团网与大众点评网的合并》一文。文章以美团网与大众点评的合并为切入点，透过现象表面看深层，分析了中国互联网行业三巨头BAT的竞争。读者可积累互联网、公司并购等方面的词汇。

原文

ⅠGROUP buying—in which discounts are offered on goods and services once a certain number of consumers have signed up—may be falling out of fashion in many countries, with even America’s pioneer, Groupon, slashing over 1,000 jobs last month, but it is still doing well in China. According to Analysys International, a research firm, bargain hunters there rang up 77 billion yuan ($12.1 billion) in sales through group-buying websites in the first half of this year. That is a rise of 168% on a year earlier. Even more striking is news this week of a merger between the two biggest Chinese firms in the business, which may herald a broader consolidation in China’s internet sector.

ⅡGroupon has flopped in China, just as many other Western internet firms have done. This has left the field clear for local businesses. On October 8th two Chinese companies which between them have about four-fifths of the local group-buying market said that they would combine: Meituan, with about half of the market, will join forces with Dianping, which has about 30%. The combined business will be worth perhaps $15 billion.

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a mere 14% share of China’s group-buying industry. It is fully owned by Baidu, which said in June that it would invest $3.2 billion over the next three years in this sort of e-commerce business.

ⅣThe deal marks an escalation in what seems to be an effort by Alibaba and Tencent to squeeze out Baidu and turn the Chinese internet’s big three into a big two. They have already joined up to try to create a dominant company in the online taxi-hailing business. At first each had backed a different startup in this area, but when Baidu gave financial backing to Uber, an American taxi-app giant, to expand its presence in China, Alibaba and Tencent merged their proxies into a firm now called Didi Kuaidi. The combination is valued at $15 billion.

(Chinese internet firms, Clubbing together)

词汇短语

1*.slash[slæʃ]vt. 猛砍；鞭打；严厉批评；大幅度裁减或削减

2*.herald['hɛrəld]n. 先驱；传令官；报信者vt. 通报；预示…的来临

3.consolidation[kən,sɑlə'deʃən] n. 巩固；合并；团结

4*.flop[flɑp] vt.笨拙地抛下vi. 失败；扑拍；扑通落下；笨重地摔

5*.quash[kwɔʃ]vt. 撤销；镇压；宣布无效；捣碎

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6*.proxy['prɑksi]n. 代理人；委托书；代用品

7*.escalation[,ɛskə'leʃən] n.增加；扩大；逐步上升

注：标*为超纲词

点评

翻译：团购，即一定数量的的参与消费者购买商品和服务时获得优惠折扣，在许多国家渐渐不流行。例如，美国高朋团购上个月裁掉1000多个工作。但在中国，团购仍然非常流行。根据一家调研公司易观国际的调查，中国的网站团购销售额今年上半年已经达到770亿元，比去年增长168%。而本周更为瞩目的新闻是中国两个最大团购网站的合并，这预示着中国互联网行业更大范围的合并即将到来。

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they would combine: Meituan, with about half of the market, will join forces with Dianping, which has about 30%. The combined business will be worth perhaps $15 billion.

翻译：高朋团购在中国竞争失败，就像许多其他西方互联网公司一样。这导致中国互联网领域，本土公司百花齐放。10月8日，两家拥有中国团购市场80%份额的中国公司宣布将合并。美团网，拥有大约一半市场份额，将与拥有30%份额的大众点评网联合。合并后的价值将高达150亿美元。

点评：第一、二段提出话题。首先介绍了团购的概念，然后对比分析中国与西方国家的团购市场，说明外国团购市场萎靡，中国团购市场活跃，正处于高速发展期。最后将话题锁定在中国团购市场中两个巨头的合并，并提出中心观点：这次合并预示着中国互联网更大范围的合并。注意这里的consolidation不是团结、巩固的意思，而是合并（Toconsolidate a number of small groups or companies means to make them into onelarge organization）。

Ⅲ It will quash competition on one front of a costly proxy war now being fought by China’s big three internet firms—Alibaba, Baidu and Tencent. Alibaba has a stake in Meituan, while Tencent backs Dianping. The merged entity would dwarf Nuomi, which has a mere 14% share of China’s group-buying industry. It is fully owned by Baidu, which said in June that it would invest $3.2 billion over the next three years in this sort of e-commerce business.

翻译：这次合并将平息中国互联网三巨头BAT在代理人战争中的激烈竞争。阿里巴巴投资美团，腾讯支持大众点评。这次合并会打压糯米网，后者只有14%的团购市场份额，由百度完全拥有。今年6月，百度声称在未来3年里将在这种电子商务中投资32亿美元。

点评：第三段说明这次团购背后的真正较量力量：阿里巴巴与腾讯联手对付百度。Costly体现三大巨头的竞争激烈程度与付出代价之高，侧面暗示了阿里和腾讯联手的原因。Proxy war指的是

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阿里代理美团，腾讯代理大众点评，百度代理糯米，三者在团购市场的激烈竞争。Stake(If you have a stake in something such as a business, it matters to you, for example because you own part of it or because its success or failure will affect you)在这里是指阿里巴巴直接投资美团，与美团存在利害相关的关系。

翻译：这次合并标志着阿里和腾讯联手压制百度的行动升级，两巨头试图将中国互联网三国鼎立的局面转变成两家平分春秋。阿里和腾讯已经在创立线上打车业务进行合作。首先是它们各自支持一家新兴线上打车公司，当百度支持美国打车巨头优步在中国开拓市场时，阿里和腾讯将各自的代理公司合并成滴滴-快的，价值达到150亿美元。

点评：第四段进一步解释阿里和腾讯联手打压百度的原因以及行动。此次美团和大众的合并，只是故伎重演，先前滴滴和快的的合并已经彰显了阿里和腾讯联手打压百度的野心。到此，第一段的中心观点（美团和大众的合并预示互联网更大范围的合并即将到来）再次得到印证。

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第21篇

本文节选自《经济学人》一篇名为 “Thanks, Albert” (谢谢你，阿尔伯特)的文章。本文写于爱因斯坦的广义相对论发表一百周年之际，概括了其给世界带来的深刻改变。作为一篇天文类科普文章，本文深入浅出地阐释了广义相对论的成就。读者可以了解天文物理知识，也可以积累天文学物理学常见词汇。

原文

I.①Most scientific findings are sedimentary, slowly building upon the edifice of understanding. ②Rare is the idea that marks a fundamental change to a system of thought, forcing the rest of science to bend to its own vision. ③However, on November 25th 1915 Albert Einstein published a theory that did just that. ④The ten equations of his general theory of relativity set out a new concept of gravity—as the warping of the fabric of space and time in the presence of mass.

II.①The world has much to thank Einstein for. ②Because of him, scientists think of space as relative: what you measure depends on your vantage point, and on what mass is around you. ③An understanding of gravity’s most subtle effects informs both the exalted and the everyday.④Relativity permitted the New Horizons mission this year to steer a space probe through a 150km-wide “keyhole” near Pluto. ⑤A more quotidian example of the extraordinary precision of relativity comes from satellite-navigation systems. ⑥Einstein’s theory shows that satellites experience an ever-so-slightly different stretching of space-time in orbit than people do on the surface of the Earth—so the positional data streamed to smartphone users, and the time-stamps used for transactions in industries from banking to energy, must take in relativistic adjustments.

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III.①The theory has yielded odd surprises. ②It predicted, and then helped explain, the black holes that have captured public imagination. ③Efforts to join relativity with quantum mechanics, in a field called string theory, are shedding light on science that is wholly unconnected to the heavens, including materials that conduct electricity without resistance and new kinds of information processing.

IV.①Relativity’s most overlooked triumph, though, has been to reframe the sorts of questions that stargazers ask. ②After the invention of telescopes in the early 17th century, astronomy concerned itself chiefly with discrete objects in the cosmos. ③But the implications of stretchy space-time quickly raised bigger questions: by the 1970s, relativity had become integral to describing the Big Bang. ④Not since Johannes Kepler’s “Mysterium Cosmographicum”, a 16th-century attempt to reveal the structure of the cosmos, were thinkers so inspired to consider the universe as a whole: its organising principles, its ultimate origins and what makes it tick.

V.①The restoration of this inquiry was not simply a matter of philosophy.②General relativity came with its own experimental checks, some of which took decades to carry out. ③As it has passed these tests, relativity has set the stage for what is known as “precision cosmology”.④Exceptionally detailed theory lined up with ever-better observational data to furnish predictions about physical phenomena far away both in space and in time.

VI. ①That is an astonishing leap in perspective from just ten equations.②Einstein’s theory, and the intervening century of experimentation, provided a way to satisfy one of the most fundamental yearnings: to understand what is out there in the universe, how it all began and humanity’s place in it.

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词汇短语

1.*sedimentary [sedɪ'mentrɪ] a. 沉淀的

2.*edifice ['edɪfɪs] n. 大厦

3.*warping ['wɔːpɪŋ] n. 翘曲

4.*vantage point ['vɑːntɪdʒ] n. 有利位置

5.*exalted [ɪg'zɔːltɪd] a. 崇高的

6.*quotidian [kwɒ'tɪdɪən] a. 平日的

7.probe [prəʊb] n. 探测器

8.*quantum mechanics ['kwɒntəm] [mɪ'kænɪks] n. 量子力学

9. conduct ['kɒndʌkt] v. [僻]导电

10.*discrete [dɪ'skriːt] a. 离散的

11.integral [ˈɪntɪɡrəl] a. 必须的

12.tick [tɪk] v. [僻]运转

13.line up with v. 与…对齐

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14.furnish ['fɜːnɪʃ] v. 提供

15.intervening [,ɪntɚ'vinɪŋ] a. 介于中间的。派生自intervene [ɪntə'viːn] v. 插入，干预

（注：标“*”的为超纲词汇）

点评

翻译：大多数的科学发现都是日积月累的，慢慢建立在人类知识的大厦之上。鲜有某种科学观点标志着一种思想体系的根本性转变，迫使其他科学屈从于自己的构想。然而，爱因斯坦在1915年11月25日发表的一种理论就实现了这一点。他的广义相对论的十个方程重新定义了重力——在质量的作用下对时空结构的扭曲。

点评：I段借其与众不同之处引出爱因斯坦的相对论及其深远影响。①②句运用对比，指出大多数的科学发现是基于前人成果（sedimentary），鲜有彻底推翻前人思想体系（a fundamental change to a system of thought）的科学研究。③句话锋一转，引出广义相对论就有这样深刻的影响。④句概括广义相对论的核心——a new concept of gravity并在破折号后通俗地解释其含义。注意，这是一篇科普文章，这就要求本文既要包含专业的天文术语，又要对其进行通俗易懂的解释。

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II.①The world has much to thank Einstein for. ②Because of him, scientists think of space as relative: what you measure depends on your vantage point, and on what mass is around you. ③An understanding of gravity’s most subtle effects informs both the exalted and the everyday.④Relativity permitted the New Horizons mission this year to steer a space probethrough a 150km-wide “keyhole” near Pluto. ⑤A more quotidian example of the extraordinary precision of relativity comes from satellite-navigation systems. ⑥Einstein’s theory shows that satellites experience an ever-so-slightly different stretching of space-time in orbit than people do on the surface of the Earth—so the positional data streamed to smartphone users, and the time-stamps used for transactions in industries from banking to energy, must take in relativistic adjustments.

翻译：世界上很多改变都应该感谢爱因斯坦。他使科学家认为空间是相对的：你测量的结果取决于你的有利位置以及你周围的质量。对于重力最微妙的影响的理解既启发了高端的科研工作也启发了日常的科技产品。相对论使得今年的“新视野”计划能够通过冥王星附近绵延150公里的“重力锁眼” 控制一个太空探测器。极其精密的相对论还可以应用于日常生活，如在卫星导航系统中的应用。爱因斯坦的理论表明，卫星在运行轨道上经历的时空比人们在地球表面经历的有着极其轻微的延展——使得传输给智能手机用户的位置数据以及银行和能源等行业所使用的交易时间戳都必须进行相对性的调整。

点评：II段以“总——分”结构具体阐释广义相对论的深远影响。①句照应文章标题“Thanks, Albert”讲世界上很多改变都要归功于爱因斯坦。②③句概述其影响——使科学家认为空间是相对的，对科学研究和日常科技都有启发。④⑤⑥句以实例证明了广义相对论在“高端科研工作”和“日常科技产品”两大方面的应用。

III.①The theory has yielded odd surprises. ②It predicted, and then helped explain, the black holes that have captured public imagination. ③Efforts to join relativity with quantum

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mechanics, in a field called string theory, are shedding light on science that is wholly unconnected to the heavens, including materials thatconduct electricity without resistance and new kinds of information processing.

翻译：这一理论还带来了奇特的惊喜。相对论预测并帮助解释了吸引公众想象力的黑洞。弦论领域的科学家努力将相对论与量子力学相结合，以阐明与天文学完全无关的科学，包括无电阻导电材料和新的信息处理技术。

点评：III段补充广义相对论出人意料的影响。①句以odd surprises概括全段。②③句例证①句：其中②句讲黑洞的预测和解释都依靠广义相对论，吸引公众想象力的黑洞是为一个surprise；③句讲量子力学与广义相对论结合产生了与天文毫无关联的成果，是为另一个surprise，足以显示广义相对论的影响深远。

翻译：然而，相对论最易被人们忽视的成就是它重构了观星者探究的问题。17世纪初人类发明望远镜之后，天文学开始主要关注宇宙中散落着的星体。但延展的时空的含义很快就引出了更宏观的问题：到20世纪80年代，相对论在阐释宇宙大爆炸理论时已经不可或缺。在16世纪约翰尼斯·开普勒试图揭示宇宙结构的《宇宙的秘密》之后，还没有哪一理论能在如此大的程度上启发思想家们

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将宇宙看作一个整体：思考其组织原理、最初起源及运行动力。

点评：IV段介绍广义相对论最容易让人忽视的成就——重构（reframe）了人们思考宇宙的方式。①句概括全段，以most overlooked triumph引出下文。②句追溯历史，介绍人们过去思考宇宙的方式——关注宇宙中的分散天体（discrete objects in the cosmos）。③句转而讲相对论对大爆炸理论的启发和解释，暗示人们受其影响开始将宇宙看作一个整体去研究。④句将广义相对论与开普勒的著作《宇宙的秘密》相比，明确指出其对人们思维方式的重大启发——将宇宙看作一个整体（consider the universe as a whole）。

V.①The restoration of this inquiry was not simply a matter of philosophy.②General relativity came with its own experimental checks, some of which took decades to carry out. ③As it has passed these tests, relativity has set the stage for what is known as “precision cosmology”.④Exceptionally detailed theory lined up with ever-better observational data tofurnish predictions about physical phenomena far away both in space and in time.

翻译：这种探究的恢复不仅仅是哲学命题。广义相对论是伴随着对它的实验验证一起到来的，其中一些实验花费了几十年时间。因为已经通过了这些验证，相对论为所谓的“精确宇宙学”搭建了舞台。详尽的理论加上日益完善的观察数据，预测了在遥远的空间和时间之外的物理现象。

点评：V段以实验结果证明IV段，说明广义相对论并不只是一种模糊的定性哲学，而是经过实验验证的精确理论。①句以否定形式not simply a matter of philosophy引出下文。②③句介绍广义相对论经受住了实验的验证，并为“精确宇宙学”（precision cosmology）做了准备，证明①句，说明广义相对论不仅仅是模糊的定性哲学，而是精确的定量理论。④句介绍广义相对论在精确学科中的应用，再次证明①句。

VI. ①That is an astonishing leap in perspective from just ten equations.②Einstein’s

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theory, and the intervening century of experimentation, provided a way to satisfy one of the most fundamental yearnings: to understand what is out there in the universe, how it all began and humanity’s place in it.

翻译：这是仅仅始于十个方程的视角上的惊人飞跃。爱因斯坦的理论及其之后一百年的实验过程提供了一种方式来满足人类一种最基本的渴望：理解宇宙中发生了什么、这一切是如何开始的以及人类在其中的位置。

点评：VI段收束全文，概括广义相对论以及由此生发的科研成果的重要意义。①句高度赞扬一百年间人们从广义相对论出发，经过不懈努力所取得的成果是an astonishing leap。②句解释①句，广义相对论以及由此生发的科研成果对全人类的重大意义——满足人类探索宇宙的基本渴求（to satisfy one of the most fundamental yearnings）。

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