初中英语定语从句关系代词和关系副词
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定语从句讲解及练习
一、
定义:在复合句中,修饰某一名词 或代词 的从句叫做定语从句。
如:1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman. 2) You must do everything that I do.
上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词,叫先行词,定语从句放在先行词的后面。
引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who(宾格who, 所有格whose)和关系副词where, when、why
关系词常有三个作用:1、引导定语从句 2、代替先行词 3、在定语从句中担当一个成分
二、关系代词引导的定语从句 1.who指人,在从句中做主语
(1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One. (2)Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用
who 或whom. 例:Is there anyone here who will go with you? 2. whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。 (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about.
注意:关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。 (3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3. which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. ( which 在句子中做主语) (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. ( which 在句子中做宾语) 4. that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。
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在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
(5) The people that/who come to visit the city are all here. (在句子中做主语) (6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? (在句子中做宾语) 具体使用时还要注意下列问题:1,只能使用that,不用which 的情况: (1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。例如: All that he said is true.
(2) 先行词被only, no, any, all,等词修饰时。例如: He is the only foreigner that has been to that place.
(3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如: He was the second (person) that told me the secret.
(4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。 This is the best book (that) I have read this year.
(5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如: He talked about the people and the things he remembered.
2,只用which不用that的情况:
(3) 非性定语从句中,不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如:The boy,who is good at soccer,comes from Xinjiang. That necklace,which you gave me as a present,was lost yesterday.
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。(非限)
There is somebody here who wants to speak to you这里有人要和你说话(性)
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(4) which还有一种特殊用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中,which可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表语,多数情况下意思是与and this 相似,并可以指人。例如: He did very well in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
(5) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体,关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员,则用who。
5. whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替
(3)The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. (5)Do you like the book whose color is yellow?
=Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
6. when 指时间,在定语从句中作状语。例如:I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm. He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.
7. where 指地点,在定语从句中作状语。例如:This is the house where we lived last year. The factory where his father works is in the east of the city 8. \"介词+关系代词\"是一个普遍使用的结构。
(1) \"介词+关系代词\"可以引导性定语从句,也可以引导非性定语从句。\"介词+关系代词\"结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等,关系代词只可用whom或 which, 不可用 that 。 例:Is that the house in which you live ?
关系代词 whom, which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间,有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写,而将介词置于定语从句的后面,如:That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.
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像listen to, look at, take care of等固定短语动词,在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如:This is the boy whom she has taken care of. 热身练习
请分析一下定语从句:( 请划出定语从句,并标出先行词)
1. Check the ways you study for an English test.
2. Another thing that I found very difficult was English grammar. 3. You couldn’t understand people who talked fast. 4. I have some ideas that may help. 5. They said something you didn’t like.
6. My friends and I talked about the rules that we have in school. 二、用关系代词填空:that 、which 、who、 whom 、whose
1. This is the man ________ wants to see you.
2. The student ___________ answered the question is Zhang Hua. 3. The man __________ you went to see has come.
4. The man ___________I met yesterday lent me some money.
5. The woman _______________ you saw is our geography teacher. 6. The runner ________________ you are asking about is over there. 7. Here is the pen _________ you lost the day before yesterday. 8. These books _____________ you lent me were very useful. 9. This is shirt _______________I bought yesterday.
10. A dictionary is a book _____________ gives the meaning to the word. 11. Show me the boy ______________ mother is a well-known singer. 12. The boy______ father is a teacher is good at English. 三、单项选择
( ) 1. Your teacher of Chinese is a young lady____ comes from Beijing. A. who B. which C. whom D. whose ( ) 2. The students were all interested ____ you told them yesterday. A. in which B. in that this C. all that D. in everything ( ) 3. He was the only person in his office______ was invited. A. whom B. whose C. that D. which ( ) 4. This is the museum______ we visited last year. A. where B. in which C. which D. in that ( ) 5. Charlie told his mother all____ had happened. A. that B. what C. which D. who ( ) 6. Do you know the student_____? A. whom I often talk B. with who I often talk C. I often talk with D. that I often talk ( ) 7. I like the house_____ windows face south.
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A. whose B. who’s C. it's ( )8. The young woman_____ I spoke just now is a young doctor. A. who B. to whom C. whom D. that 定语从句中关系副词的用法
D. its
定语从句中的关系副词有三个:when, where和why,它们在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语。其句法结构如下: 表时间的名词 + when + 定语从句
when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
例句:I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. I’ll never forget the day when I joined the army. 表地点的名词 + where + 定语从句
where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
例句:The factory where his father works is in the west of the city. This is the house where I lived two years ago.
表原因的名词reason + why + 定语从句(why只用于reason之后的性定语从句中,在定语从句中作原因状语。)
例句:That is the reason why I did the job.(在现代英语中why可以省略) 上句也可以这样表示: That is the reason I did the job.
又如: This was the reason (why )we raised the temperature. 关系副词在定语从句中的用法看似简单,以下注意点不可忽视:
1)“when”、“where”和“why”的运用取就于表时间的名词、表地点的名词和表原因的名词reason在定语从句中所作的成分,比较下面的几组句子: *I will never forget the day when I first met you on the seashore.
*I will never forget the days which/that we spent together in Xueyao Middle School. **This is the hospital where my mother works.
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**This is the hospital which/that we visited the day before yesterday. ***The reason why he did not go to school is that he was ill. ***This is the reason which/that he gave his boss in the office .
2) “when”、“where”和“why”都可以替换成“介词 + which”,介词的选用取就于先行词和定语从句中的动词。例如:
Do you still remember the day on which we first met in Nantong?(on which=when) This is the room in which we lived last year.(in which=where)
Do you know the reason for which he refused to go to Mary’s birthday party. (for which=why)
有时定语从句中介词短语和动词有意义紧密的修饰关系,尤其在非性定语从句中,常使用“介词 + which”结构,而不使用关系副词。例如: My mother works in a factory, in front of which there is a small river.
At night the soldiers got to a small hill, at the foot of which stood a farmhouse. 3) 关系副词“when”、“where”既可引导性定语从句,也可引导非性定语从句。
例如:I will always remember the day when I first visited the Great Wall. He came to Shanghai in 1980, when he was only 12. I don’t know the exact spot where they will meet.
Mr Wang will fly to Beijing, where he will stay for three months.
有时关系副词“when”、“where”引导的性定语从句和先行词有间隔的现象,是为了平衡句子的语法需要。
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?
The days are gone forever when the Chinese people used “foreign oil.”.
4) “that”可活用为关系副词,相当于“when, where、why”和“介词 + which”结构,尤其在“the time when”等结构中的“when”常被“that”代替,而且“that”往往省略。
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I may leave here any time I want to.
During the time I was there I visited him twice. This is my second time I have come to your country.
5) “which”有时可用作关系形容词,这是“which”在非性定语从句中的特殊使用,如:
The doctor advised him to give up smoking, which advice he did not follow. 定语从句专项练习
1.This is the place_____ John was born? A.which B.where C. when D.that 2. He is the only person ____ I want to talk to. A. that B. which C. who D. whose
3.Is this problem _____the teacher explained last week? A. the one B.that C.which D.one
4.The high building _____ stand four policemen is the police station. A.which B.that C.in front of it D. in front of which
5.My mother will give Mary a model plane_____ she will like to play. A.which B.that C.for which D.with which
6.The film brought the hours back to me_____ I was taken good care of in that far away village.
A.until B.that C when D.where
7.There are times_____ I wonder why I do this job. A.as B.while C.which D.when
8.After living in London for thirty years,Mr Smith returned to the small town_____ he grew up as a child. which B.where C that D.when 9.They had a long talk about the persons and things_____ they both knew.
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A.whom B.what C. that D.which
10.That is the very book______ I am looking for. A.that B.which C.what D.as
11.Who is the scientist_____ is going to give us a talk on space this Sunday? A.that B.who C. which D.whom
12.The days_____ we spent in Tokyo together will never be forgotten. A. when B.which C.who D.on which
13.A pen friend of mine______ I often receive letters asked me for some Chinese coins.
A.who B.whom C.to who D.from whom
14.Perhaps this is the only shop_____ you can get such cheap goods. A. that B.of which C.by which D.where
15.I can still remember the place_____ my brother and I used to sit in the evening. A.which B.what C .that D.where
16. The first thing ____ we should do is to water the flowers in front of the room.. A. which B. as C. what D. that
17.That is the hotel ____ we stayed last year. A. in that B. in which C. why D. at which
18. This is the reason ____ we made Mr Li headmaster of our school. A. where B. when C. before D. why
19. The student who does well in his lesson is the monitor ___ is very modest and studies hard.
A. who B. that C. as D. which
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