第二十三讲 强调
在说话或写文章时, 我们有时候要突出或强调某个词、词组或句子, 这时就要用强调结
构。下面探讨的是各类强调句型、强调词汇及强调方式。 一、结构强调
1 . It is (was) + 状语+ that + 句子
这种结构用来强调状语, 表示状语成分的可以是单词、词组或句子。句子可以是主语从句、宾语从句或状语从句。强调的如果是原因状语从句, 从句只能由because 引导, 不能由since、as 或why 引导。例如:
I t was last summer that I graduated from the university . 我是去年夏天从那所大学毕业的。(时间状语)
I t was at an evening party that I first saw her . 我是在一次晚会上第一次见到她的。
(地点状语)
I t is only when one is ill that one realizes the value of health . 人们生病了才知道健康的
价值。(时间状语从句)
I t was because(不用since、why 或as) the water had risen that they could not cross the river . 正是因为水涨了, 他们没有渡过河去。(原因状语从句)
I t is what you will do that is essential . 重要的是你的行动。(主语从句)
2 . It is(was) + 代词(名词, 形容词) + that(who, whom, which,whose) + 句子
这种结构强调名词或代词, 这个名词或代词可以是后面句子的主语、宾语或宾语补足语,
如果是主语, 则直接用that + 谓语。这时, 句中的that 可用who, whom, which 等代替。例如:
It is Prof essor Wu that (who) sent me the letter . 给我寄信的是吴教授。(主语)
It is I that am (或is) to go in her place . 代她去的是我。(主语) It is you that are (或is) to blame . 该受责备的是你。(主语) It is this novel that( which) they talked about last week . 他们上周讨论的就是这部小
说。(宾语)
It was Doctor James that (whom) we invited to give us a lecture . 被邀请给我们作报告
的是詹姆士博士。(宾语)
It was chairman of the committee that we elected her . (宾语补足语)
It is red that he has painted the door . (宾语补足语) .. 注意下面句子的差异:
I suppose it is I who am responsible . (不用is) I suppose it is me who is responsible . (不用am) I suppose it is he ( she) who is responsible . I suppose it is we ( they) who are responsible .
It is him whom you met at the station . (强调结构, 不用he) That is he whom you met at the station . ( that is . . .结构, 不用him)
Note: 值得注意的是, 有三类句子成分不可以进行强调, 即表语、谓语动词和though, al
新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书 816 第二十三讲 强 调
though, whereas 等引导的让步状语从句或对比状语从句。例如:
The picture is wonderful . (表语) It is wonder ful the picture is . (误)
Alice teaches music at a middle school . (谓语动词) It is teaches that Alice music at a middle school . (误) Although he is young, he knows a lot about the world . (让步状语从句)
It is though he is young that he knows a lot about the world . (误)
I like classical music whereas he prefers pop songs . (对比状语从句)
It is whereas he pre f ers pop songs that I like classical music . (误)
3 . 句尾的强调
英语句子的句尾是突出的位置, 要强调某个部分, 可以把它放在句尾, 而把不重要的部分放在句子中间。例如:
Karl saw in Inga strength, determination, a vigorous and vivacious girl , the kind of woman he needed .
The war would soon break out in the Middle East , we were told . (弱)
The war , we were told, would soon break out in the Middle East . (强)据说, 中东不
久就要爆发战争了。
Team A will win the match, in all probability . (弱)
Team A will , in all probability, win the match . (强) A 队很可能赢得这场比赛。
The history of English words is the history of our civilization in many ways . (弱)
In many ways, the history of English words is the history of our civilization . (强)
4 . 倒装结构和句首的强调
倒装结构和句首位置可以强调表语、宾语、定语、状语、主语等。例如:
Never will they give up the struggle for f reedom and peace . (状语)
Under no circumstances can visitors be allowed to walk on the grass . (状语)
Most bitterly did she complain to her father . Never a cent did he earn in the whole month . Not in the least would he care about it . Seldom have I seen her recently .
Hardly does she understand what he wants . Hardly a slice o f bread did they waste . No one else shall I live with .
Only yesterday did I hear of the news . Across the river lies a newly built bridge . Very little care does he take of the children . He was a famous singer, I..ve heard . (宾语从句) Enclosed is a cheque for 300 yuan . (谓语) A terrible mess you..ve made of the work . (宾语)
War we are not afraid of, but war we are opposed to . (介词宾语)
Alice, he proposed to . (介词宾语)
Keener and keener she became on painting . (表语) A f lying saucer it cer tainly was . (表语)
A scandal people called the whole matter . (宾补) 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版) 817 一、结构强调
In China she was born, and in China she would die . (状语) Lonely she lived in a shabby house by the river . (状语) Child as he is , he knows a lot about the world . (让步从句)
Much as he liked her , he had to leave for a long period of time . (让步从句)
He would much like to see her again .
Much would he like to see her again . (状语起首)
A man..s early education is very important in his later life . Very important is a man..s early education in his later life . (表语起首)
They will go different ways , but will reach the same destination .
Di f f erent ways they will go, but the same destination they will reach . (宾语起首) Note: ①下面的“主要动词+ 主语+ 助动词”结构也是表示强调。例如:
If I must die, die I must . If I should do it , do it I will . He did not fail . Succeed he did . She wanted to leave and leave she did . Surrender he would not till he was killed . Die he would not because he was optimistic . While I may travel around the world, travel I will .
②如果名词、形容词或副词不位于句首, as 相当于since 或because, 引导原因状语从句, 不作though 解。例如:
As he was ill , he stayed home for a rest . 他因病在家休息。(原因)
Ill as he was, he worked the whole day . 他虽然生病, 但仍然工作了一天。(让步) .. 但有时候, as 倒装结构可能表示原因状语, 也可能表示让步状语, 视上下文而定。参阅有关章节。例如:
Young as he was , he did not know much about the world . 他由于年轻, 对世事
了解甚少。(原因)
Young as he was , he knew a lot about the world . 他虽然年轻,
但却很懂人情世
故。(让步) .. 考察下面两句:
, Jane is not prettier than her younger sister . A . Pretty though is she B . Pretty as is she C . As she is pretty
D . Pretty as she is(D 项正确)
, the most familiar to general public is the criminal jurisdiction .
A . All the activities B . The activities C . Of all the activities D . It is the activities(C 项正确)
③在强调句中, that 作直接宾语或间接宾语时可以省略。例如: Was it her ( that) you were talking about ? It is not I (who) to blame .
It was a new dictionary ( that) Father sent to me .
④如果强调的是时间状语或地点状语, that 有时可以省略。例如: It was in that bookstore ( that) I came across the book . It was only yesterday ( that) we first met . 只是在昨天我们才第一次会面。
Was it last year ( that) you got the degree ? 你是在去年获得学位的吗?
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5 .“特殊疑问词+ is(was) + it + that + 句子”结构的强调 如果强调的是特殊疑问句, 要用“特殊疑问词+ is( was) + it +
that + 句子”结构, that 有时可省, 表示“究竟在哪里.., 到底是谁..”等。例如:
Where was it ( that) you saw the man ? 你到底在哪里看见那个人的?
Who was it ( that ) you want to see ? 你究竟想见谁? How is it ( that ) your answer differs f rom his ? Which is it that you want ?
When was it that you ever said so ?
Why is it that you want to change your idea ? What is it that you want me to say ?
Note: 有时, 这类强调结构可用作表语或宾语。例如: The question is who it is that we can trust .
He asked which picture it is that we should send the president as a present .
It rests on what measure it is that is most effective . 二、其他类型的强调 1 . do
如果句子中没有助动词, 在肯定句中可以用do 表示强调, 一般译为“务必, 一定, 确实”等。例如:
Do come early . 一定早点来。
She did send you a letter last week . 她上周确实给你寄过一封信。
“You are quite wrong—she does like you .”“你大错特错了———她的的确确喜欢你!”
2 .utter, sheer, very 和ever
very 表示强调时, 前面常有the, this , that 或my, their 等, 后跟名词, 也可在名词前插入first , same, own 等词, 相当于exactly, real, t rue, genuine, actual, mere, itself and no other ,
just , none other than, even 等。ever 表示强调时, 多构成ever so, ever such, as . . .as ever 词组; 也可放在what , who, where, when ,
which , why, how 后, 书写时同这些词分开写(分开写时, 其意义不同于whatever, whoever 等) , 意为“究竟, 到底”。例如:
At that very moment he came .
The very sight of snake makes the girl shiver . He escaped under their very nose . I..ll go this very minute .
This is the very lowest price . 这是最最低的价。
You may keep the book for your very own . 你可以保留这本书, 仅为自己用。
Who ever said so ?这到底是谁说的?
What ever do you mean by saying that ? 你说那话到底什么意思? (不可用whatever )
She is ever such a nice girl .
He is as great a poet as ever lived . 从来没有比他更伟大的诗人。
What he said was utter nonsense . 他说的是一派胡言。 She won by sheer luck . 她完全凭侥幸获胜。
Note: ①as + 形容词(副词) + as ever (before)意为“跟从前同样的”;more . . .than ever 意为
“比从前更..”。例如:
She is as diligent as ever . 她跟从前一样勤奋。 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版) 819 二、其他类型的强调
He is more diligent than ever . 他比从前更勤奋。
②whatever 和whatsoever 在否定句或疑问句中放在名词后表示强调。例如:
There can be no doubt whatever about it . 这件事是毫无疑问的。
That..s nothing whatsoever to do with me . 那件事同我一点关系没有。
3 . at all
这种用法的at all 意为“根本, 究竟, 毕竟”。例如: If it were not for the sun, we could not live at all . Do you know it at all ? 你究竟知道不知道? 4 . the last
the last 加名词可以表示强烈的否定意义, 注意译法。例如: He would be the last person in the world to deny this . 他决不会否认这一点。
This is the last place where I expected to meet you . 我万没有想到会在这儿碰上你。
Not to keep his promise will be the last thing for him to do . 他绝不会不守承诺的。
He is the last man to do it . 他决不会干那事。
He should be the last (man) to blame . 怎么也不该怪他。 She is the last person for such a job . 她最不配做这个工作。 He is the last man to consult . 根本不宜找他商量。
5 . on earth, in the world, in heaven, earthly 和under the sun 这些短语或单词用于肯定句意为“究竟”, 用于否定句意为“全然, 一点也..”。也可加
强最高级的语气, 意为“最最”。例如:
Where under the sun did you put the book ? 你到底把书放到哪里去了?
She had not a penny in the world . 她身无分文。
That is the most ridiculous thing on earth . 那是最可笑的事情了。
What earthly thing are you doing now ?你这会儿到底在干什么?
6 . the devil, the hell, the deuce, the blazes, in (the)hell, the plague,a plague, the mischief 和the dickens
这几个词同what , who, where 连用, 意为“到底, 究竟”, 有时是
粗话。例如:
Who the dickens is she ? 她到底是谁?
What the deuce is the matter ? 究竟是怎么回事? What the blazes is he ?他到底是干什么的? What in hell is she doing ? 她究竟在干什么? Where the devil did he go ? 他妈的他到哪里去了?
When the plague will you pay me ? 你他妈的到底什么时候还我钱?
Why the blazes did you do like that ? 你他妈的究竟为什么那样做?
What a plague does he want to do ? 他妈的他到底想干什么? Note: ①in heaven..s name, in the name of wonder, in the name of fortune, in the name of reason, in the name of common sense, in thunder , in the creation 等也用来表示强
调, 意为“到底, 究竟。例如:
Which in the name o f wonder do you decide to choose ? 你究竟决定选哪一个?
What in thunder have you done ? 你他妈的究竟干了些什么? ②下面句中的the devil 另有含义:
The devil he should wor ry . 他才不当回事呢。 A: Is he an expert ? 他是专家吗? 新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书 820 第二十三讲 强 调
B: The devil he is . 他绝对不是。
7 . I..ll be hanged if . . .和I..ll be damned if I . . .
I..ll be hanged if . . .表示“决不, 决不会”, I..ll be (或I am) damned if I . . .表示“要是我.., 我就不是人!”。例如:
I..ll be damned i f it is true . 那决不是真的。
I..ll be damned i f I do it . 我决不做那件事。 I..ll be hanged i f I go there . 我死也不去那里。 8 .not for the world, not on your life 和not for worlds 这几个词组表示强烈的否定。例如:
Not f or worlds would she surrender . 她决不会屈服的。 I wouldn..t let her go out alone f or the world . 我决不会让她一个人单独出去的。
9 . anything like 和anything near 这两个词组用于否定句。例如:
The film isn..t anything like as interesting as we expected . 这部电影根本没有我们想象
的那样有趣。
She never came anywhere near to knowing what it was . 她根本不懂得这是什么。
10 . far, much, by far, still, a great(good) deal 和all the + 比较级
这几个词或词组用来修饰形容词或副词比较级, 以加强语气。例如: The path through the forest is by far more pleasant than that across the field .
Opening the window made it all the hotter . 打开窗户反而更热。
That is all the faster she can run . 她最多只能跑这么快。 Note: ①by far 要放在带the 的比较级前, 但如果比较级前无the, by far 放在比较级前后均可。例如:
It is by f ar the longer river of the two . This t ree is thicker by far than that one . This t ree is by far thicker than that one . ②by far 要放在最高级前。例如:
He is by f ar the best student in the class . It is by f ar the brightest star .
11 . if a
说明数量或某人的身高、年龄, 意为“准有, 无论如何有”。例如: She is forty, i f a day . 她一定有40 岁了。
He is six feet high , i f he is an inch . 他准有六英尺高。 We..ve covered twenty miles , i f a yard . 我们一定走了20 里了。
12 . if ever, if any, if anything 和if at all
这几个词组一般单独作状语, if ever 和if any 也可引导状语从句, 有时含有让步的意思。例如:
He is a musician i f ever there was one . ( = if anyone was = if there was one at all)世界
上没有音乐家则已, 如有就是他。
He has little, i f any ink . 墨水他即使有也很少。
I f anything , the writing is a little neater . 若说区别的话, 这篇文章只是整洁一点。
13 . and that 和and . . .at that
that 是代词, 代替前面整句的内容, and that 一般译为“而且”。例如:
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版) 821 二、其他类型的强调
She only speaks French, and that not very well . 她只会讲法语, 而且讲得不大好。
She offered a suggestion, and a good one at that . 她提了一个建议, 而且是一个好建议。.. 有时候, at that 相当于after all, anyway, in spite of all。例如:
The job was hard to do, but at that he liked it . 这项工作很难做, 但他还是喜欢它。
14 . 形容词后置
The living body, animal or human, is a storehouse of electricity .
A scientist is a good observer, accurate, patient and objective . 科学家善于观察事物,
准确、耐心、客观。 15 .nothing if not
意为“非常, 极”(very, extremely)。例如:
The boy was nothing i f not clever . 这男孩绝顶聪明。 = The boy was nothing if he was not clever . = The boy was very clever . 16 . anything but
意为“决不, 决不是”。例如:
He is anything but honest . 他极不诚实。 = He is not honest at all . = He is far from being honest . = He is by no means honest . 17 . none 表示的强调
This is none of your business . 这与你没有丝毫关系。
He is none of my friends . 他决不是我的朋友。( = He is by no means one of my
friends . )
You can do none o f this . 这个你决不可做。 He shall be none of my son . 他决不是我的儿子。
I shall give her none of my money . 我一分钱也不会给她。 He is none of the richest . 他很穷。( = very poor) The film is none of the best . 这部电影一点也不好。
She is none o f the happiest . 她极不幸福。( = very unhappy) 18 . not an ounce of 等表示的强调
There is not an ounce of justice . 没有一点公道。 He has not a f licker o f courage . 他没有丝毫勇气。 There is not a suggestion o f wind . 一丝风也没有。
There is not a hint (或glimmer ) o f hope . 一丝希望也没有。
Not a morsel of food was left . 一片面包也没留下。 Not a drop of rain has fallen . 一滴雨也没下。
He does not know a word of English . 他一个英语单词也不认识。
He has no ghost o f an idea about the matter . 他对那件事一点也不知道。
19 . not a rop 等表示的强调
He did not regret a rop (或a rush, a tittle) . 他一点也不后悔。 He did not care a straw (或a bean, a fig, a jot , a button) . 他一点也不介意。
He did not wor ry a pin (或a scrap) . 他一点也不担心。 It is not worth a cent (或a damn , a curse, two hoots) . 它一文钱也不值。
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The man did not flinch a hair . 那人一点也不畏缩。 Not a single customer came . 连一个顾客也没来。
She took not the least notice of your remarks . 她一点也不注意你的话。
He had not the smallest doubt . 他一点也不怀疑。
She paid not the slightest attention to him . 她对他一点也不注意。
He uttered not a single syllable . 他一声都没吭。 It mattered not a bit . 这一点关系没有。 He hesitated not a moment . 他一点也没迟疑。 20 . 用重复法进行强调
She told me that she would never, never forget her college years .
Like Lincoln, he was tall, raw-boned, st rong and homely . Like Lincoln, he was obedient , responsible, and hard-working. Like Lincoln, he thirsted for knowledge and . . . .
They can..t do it , can..t those boys (或those boys can..t ) . They will make trouble, those villains . He must be angry, my brother .
It is a good place for old men , that park . 21 . 用层进法进行强调
Her way of life was expensive, pointless, and utterly ruthless . To win victory, many people shed their blood, gave up their personal interests and laid down their lives .
22 . by God, by George, for God..s sake, damn, for goodness..sake 和for pity..s sake
The picture is not worth a damn . 这幅画毫无价值。 He is damn tired . By God, I don..t know it .
For pity..s sake, do help up a little . 23 .whistle, whisper 和bubble
拟声词可以表示强调, 形象而生动。常用的这类词有crash, murmur , roar , whisper ,
crack , clap, clink, cluck, thump , splash, bang, titter , twitter , howl , clash 等。例如:
He banged the door open . 他砰的一声打开了门。
The water is bubbling down the rocks . 水哗哗地从岩石上流下来。
The twigs cracked under pressure . 树枝在压力下咔喳一声断了。 The rain tinkled on the window . 雨水丁当地敲打着窗户。 He whispered the word in her ear . 他同她咬耳朵。(窃窃耳语) They clapped their hands when the two leaders clinked glasses . 两位领导人碰杯时, 他
们鼓起掌来。
24 . shall 用于第二、三人称
You shall be there in two hours . (命令) Children shall not see the film . (规定) He shall gain his aim . (决心)
25 . 从He didn..t buy the book because he was interested in poetry . 的歧义看重音强调
在一个句子中, 若要对某个词或词组进行强调, 可以重读该词或词组。由于强调的对象
不同, 同一个句子可能有多种意义, 比如上面这个句子就可以有两种意思:
He didn..t buy the book because he was interested in..poetry . (重音落在poetry 上, 对它
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版) 823 二、其他类型的强调
进行强调, 意为He didn..t buy the book, because it had nothing to do with poetry, and it is poet ry that he was interested in . )他没有买那本书, 因为它同诗歌没有关系。(他本
人对诗歌感兴趣)
He didn..t buy the..book because he was interested in poetry . (重音落在book 上, 意为
He bought the book, but it wasn..t because he was interested in poetry . )他买了那本
书, 并不是因为他对诗歌感兴趣。(那本书是有关诗歌的) 比较:
Father..didn..t take Jack to swim in the pool today . (Perhaps Father f orgot to take Jack
to swim in the pool today . )
Father didn..t take..Jack to swim today . ( It was Tom that Father took to swim in the
pool today . )
Father didn..t take Jack to..swim in the pool today . ( Father took Jack to the pool today just to see it . )
Father didn..t take Jack to swim in the..pool today . ( Father took Jack to swim at the seaside,
not in the pool . )
Father didn..t take Jack to swim in the pool..today . ( It was yesterday that Father took Jack to swim in the pool . )
..Father didn..t take Jack to swim in the pool today . ( It was Mother who took Jack to swim in the pool today . )
比较:
He..s a..mad doctor . 他是精神病科的医生。 He..s a..mad..doctor . 他是患有精神病的医生。
She is an..English student . 她是英国学生。(也可以是: 她是学英语的学生。)
She is an..English..student . 她是英国学生。 I..beg your pardon . 我没听清楚, 请你再说一遍。 I..beg your..pardon . 对不起。(表示道歉)
I..will speak to her . 我一定要同她谈谈。(强调要这样做) I will..speak to her . 我将同她谈谈。(But I won..t write to her ) I will speak to..her . 我将同她谈谈。(But I won..t speak to others)
He..can read . 他能读。(不是不能读) He can..read . 他能读。(But he can..t write) 26 . There are books and books . 的含义
把同一个名词或动词等用and 连接进行重复, 是一种强调方法, 以使语义突出, 表达生动。这类重复可以表示“不同的类型”, 也可以表示“许多的, 大量的”。例如:
There are books and books . 既有好书, 也有坏书。 There are doctors and doctors . 既有良医, 也有庸医。
You will find artists and artists . 既有优秀的艺术家, 也有蹩脚的艺人。
There are ants and ants and ants on the ground . 地上到处都是蚂蚁。
She thought and thought and thought and couldn..t go to sleep . 她思来想去, 难以成眠。They received twenty and twenty suggestions . 他们收到了许许多多的建议。
Note: ①下列惯用短语也可表示强调: again and again, on and on, out and out , over and over,
up and up, more and more, through and through, around and around 等。例如:
He is an out and out scoundrel . 他是一个十足的恶棍。 新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书 824 第二十三讲 强 调
The birds were flying around and around the house . 鸟绕着房屋飞来飞去。
He is an honest man through and through . 他为人极诚实。 The soldiers walked on and on . 士兵们马不停蹄地行进。 He read the poem over and over . 他把那首诗读了一篇又一遍。 He is a tyrant out and out . 他是个地地道道的暴君。 He is a London of Londoners . 他是地地道道的伦敦人。 ②表语同主语重复往往表示“究竟, 到底, 该是这样”等含义。例如:
I shall pay for it . Business is business . 钱由我付, 生意毕竟是生意。
You are quite right . Lawyer is lawyer . 你说得很对, 法官到底还是法官。
Boys will be boys . 孩子总是孩子嘛。
测试练习(二十三) 选择填空
1 . the train had departed she left the station for home . A . It is only then . . .that B . It is only when . . .what C . It was only that . . .when D . It was only when . . .that
2 . It is during his stay in the count ryside he began to learn English .
A . when B . that C . which D . what
3 . It was the information that he accumulated there gave him great help .
A . was B . what C . that D . later
4 . His uncle told her that it is that she was brought up after her mother..s death .
A . a retired old professor B . from a retired old professor C . with a retired old professor D . by a retired old professor 5 . that should be given priority to . A . It is the government has decided B . It is only the government has decided C . It is what the government has decided D . It is what has the government decided
6 . It is from the earliest time men began to study the natural phenomena and the heavenly bodies .
A . when B . where C . that D . how
7 .“Were all three people in the car injured in the accident ?” “No, only the two passengers who got hurt .” A . it was B . there is C . it were D . there was
8 . She said she would go and she go . A . didn..t B . did C . would D . will
9 . It was to the saving-boat he owed his life . A . what B . which C . that D . why
10 . they met each other and became fast friends .
A . It was in the lake area in the north of the country where B . Being in the lake area in the nor th of the country C . It was in the lake area in the nor th of the country when D . It was in the lake area in the north of the country that
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