医学英语词汇

授课方式 课堂讲授（√）；实践课（ ） 考核方式 考试（√）；考查（ ） 总学时数 4*18=72

Terminology-----from term thrombocytopenia lymphocytic leukemia

carcinoma 癌 hepatitis 肝炎 cholesterol 胆固醇

医学英语术语:上述这些单词来源于希腊或拉丁词根,有特定的医学含义，我们将之统称为医学英语术语（medical term）;

医学术语学：而将专门研究它的学问称为－医学术语学（medical terminology）:An introduction to the language of veterinary and human medicine

第一章 医学英语术语学概述

医学英语术语学（medical terminology）是研究医学术语的起源和发展的学科，也是向广大医务工作者、医学院学生、医学科学研究人员提供科学的方法以提高对医学英语术语认知能力的一门专项技能，同时也是医学与语言学结合的跨学科研究方向。

涉及学科门类：医学 人类学 词汇学 词源学 社会学 11

v1.0 可编辑可修改 英语史等

一、 医学英语术语学简介 1、 几个词汇学方面的基本概念

词素----组成词的基本元素，是语言中语音和语义的最小结合体。

词根----含有明确的词汇语义，在单词中表达主要的意义的词素叫做\"词根\"（root）。

词缀----只有语法意义、而没有词汇意义（例如表示名词复数的-s），或者虽有一定的词汇意义、但在词中只表达次要的意义的词素，称为\"词缀\"（affix）。

2、医学术语与基本词素

Psychiatrist---psych /iatri /ist Physiology---physi /o /logy

二、 医学英语术语词源学、发展史（了解）及其学习的意义

1、来源于拉丁语、古希腊语

词缀可与不同的词干一起，擎生无数新词。 auto：

auto-activation auto-antibody auto-infection autoserum autovaccine micro： microscope

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micro-section microspherocyte microbacteria microsurgery hydro： hydracids hy-draemia hydrocephaloid hydro-derma 2、发展史

最早将希腊语用于描述医学解剖和生理学现象的是西方医学之父----希波克拉底（Hippocrates），后由罗马人传向世界。 3、学习医学英语术语的意义 10万 1万 万

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三、 医学英术语的特征

1、医学英语词汇的意义比较稳定

医学英语中有众多的习惯用语和专用术语，其词义的稳定性，使它们在表达某一概念或现象时，总是被重复使用。

如change dressings(换敷料)，goose flesh(鸡皮疙瘩)，contrast medium(造影剂)，blue spot(青斑)，peptic ulcer(消化性溃疡)，whooping cough(百日咳)等。 2、医学英语词汇不具有感情色彩

有很多普通词汇，在医学英语中与在日常英语中使用起来给人的感觉大不一样。 responsible：

(1)The pilot of the plane is responsible for the passengers safety. 33

(2) Bacteria or their products are responsible foremost instances of food poisoning. 3、医学英语少用具有夸张、比喻含义的词汇，注重事实和逻辑

医学英语需要的是科学性和严肃性。并且，医学英语用词较具体化，这样才能表达得清楚和准确，不至于引起误解.如汉语中的“患者”，在医学英语中可有各种具体情况的“患者”.

(1) A diabetic is not allowed to take sweets. (糖尿病患者是不能吃糖果的。)

(2)In a severe case of diphtheria the prognosis depends largely upon how early in the course of the disease an adequate amount of antitoxin can be administered). (百喉严重患者的预后，多半取决于在病程中是否能及早给予适量的抗毒素。)

(3) The prescriber and the user of this product must master the terms hereof. (开处方的医生和使用本品的患者均须掌握文中术语。)

(4) Cataracts are classified according to the age of the individual，etiology，and morphologic characteristics of the opacity. (白内障是根据患者的年龄、病因和晶状体混浊的形态学特征来分类的。

(5) He is a renal transplant recipient. (他是一位肾移植患者。) 4、医学英语以书面语为主，不适合诵读

osteoarthropathy(骨关节病) lymphadenopathy(淋巴结病) glomerulonephritis(肾小球性肾炎)

5、医学英语多使用书面语动词代替动词短语，名词或名词短语代替动词。 absorb-----take in discover-----find out observe-----look at cancel-----call off

The occurrence of peptic ulcer in some patients with hiatal hernia may necessitate consideration of both diagnoses. (对一些裂孔病患者，出现消化性溃疡时，须考虑两种疾患的诊断。)

四、 医学英术语的分类

（一） 普通英语词汇特定医学含义 44

mass delivery humor tender

（二）英语化的拉丁语或希腊词汇 1、部分化学元素

2、部分化学元素和绝大部分抗生素 3、生物碱、氢氧化物、酸根 4、其他全英语化的术语

（三）含拉丁源、希腊源词素的合成词汇 hepatitis--- hepat it is embryology---embr o logy physician--- physi c ian gastroscopy---gastr o scopy

五、 医学英语术语构词规则

(一)、四大基本成分

词根

neur（o）----

neuroscience神经科学 neurokinin神经激肽

neurology神经病学 neurosis神经衰弱 neuritis 神经炎 两大起源

拉丁词根与希腊词根

eg：眼 oculo- oculomotor nerve ophthalmo- ophthalmology 鼻 naso- nasopharynx rhino- rhinitis

肺 pulmo- COPD P--pulmonary 55

pneumono- pneumonia 肾 reno- renovascular nephro- hydronephrosis

Some examples of root words:

Component Meaning BLAST- Example germ, immature cell blastoma = a cancer made of immature cells carcinogenic = cancer causing cardiotoxicity = toxicity to the heart cytotoxic = toxic to the cell dermatitis = inflammation of the skin histology = study of tissue hepatoblastoma = liver cancer malignant = growing, spreading nephrotoxic = harmful to the kidneys Neuroblast = an immature nerve cell oncology = the study of cancer CARCIN- cancer CARDIO- heart CYTO- DERMA- cell skin HISTIO- tissue HEPATI- liver MALIGN- bad / harmful NEPHRO- kidney NEURO- ONCO- OSTEO- PAED- SARCO- TOXO-

nerves mass / tumour bone / bony tissue osteosarcoma = bone cancer child tissue poison paediatric oncology = study of childhood cancer sarcoma = tumour of bone, muscle, or connective tissue toxicology = study of poisons 前缀

位于词根或单词前，赋予词根或单词新含义。

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trans-----through /across/ beyond （transparent transpleural）

后缀

位于词根后或单词末尾，赋予词根或单词新含义。

-rrhagia -------bleeding （gastrorrhagia pharyngorrhagia） -sclerosis-----hardening (arteriosclerosis) -ist -------expert (psychiatrist, acupuncturist)

连接元音

o --- bronch o pneumonia cardi o vascular

或后缀组合时，连接元音省去。（特例：两个词根均构成主语含义而非修饰关系的时候，常见连个解剖词根，连接元音可不省去，中间可用“-”连接）

nephroitis—nephritis

nephro-abdominal cadio-aortic

（二）、术语合成基本形式 1、纯词根：sclerosis

2、词根+连接元音+后缀： bronch / itis 3、词根+连接元音+词根：gastr /o/ scopy （三）、医学英语术语词素含义分析

1、疾病名称=器官（词根或者词根的复合形式）+症状（后缀） 例：hepat（肝）+algia（病）= hepatalgia（肝区疼痛）

hepato（肝的复合形式）+sis（疾病症状）=hepatosis（肝病）

hepat（肝）+it is（炎症）=hepatitis（肝炎）

2、诊断技术名称=器官（词根或者词根的复合形式）+诊断技术（后缀） 例：broncho（支气管的复合形式）+scopy(镜检查)

=bronchoscopy（支气管镜检查）

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3、手术名称=器官（词根或者词根的复合形式）+手术（后缀）

例：appendi（阑尾）+ectomy（切除术）=appendectomy（阑尾切除术） arthro（关节的复合形式）+desis（固定术）=arthrodesis（关节固定术）

六、 医学英语术单复数形式（了解）

大部分与普通英语单词一致，少数特殊变化仍有规律可循。

七、 医学英语术读音规则（了解）

以词典中国际音标注音为准。

读音时，先学会分音节：一般来说，一个（一组）元音，一个音节。 leukocytopenia 白细胞减少症（6个音节）

esophagojejunogastromosis 食管空肠胃吻合术 （12个音节）

rule of stress

1、单音节词本身就是在重读音节上，如：lung（肺），heart（心）。

2、双音节的重音落在第一个音节上，如：stomach（胃），gastric（胃的），kidney（肾）,renal(肾的)

3、大多数三音节和多音节的重音落在第二个音节或者倒数第三个音节上，如：nephritis（肾炎），pathology（病理学）。

由前后两个词根组成的词例外，前后都需要重读，如: gastroscope(胃镜)

注意：大多数医学术语词汇的读法与普通英语单词读音规则相同，但一些特殊的辅音字母读音主要受希腊语的影响，如ch发 /k/,ph发 /f/, ps发 /s/, pt发 /t/, qu发 /k/

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第二章 医学英语术语学前缀概论 一、术语前缀的定义和作用

缀合在词根前面的派生词缀叫做\"前缀\"（pre-fix）。 它与词根或单词构成的的词汇叫合成词（compound）。

Prefixes, the most frequently used elements in the formation of Greek and Latin words, consist of one or more syllables (prepositions or adverbs) placed before words or roots to show various kinds of relationships. They are never used independently, but when added before verbs, adjectives, or nouns, they modify the meaning.

二、术语前缀的起源

普通英语单词的常见前缀：bi--bicycle tri—triangle dis—dislike pre—premature

绝大多数的前缀来源于拉丁语或希腊语中的介词、形容词、数词。

介词：

anter—before（前）------anter-cubital 肘前的 pre—before（前）------pre-operative 术前的 pro—before（前）------pro-thrombin 凝血酶原 99

sub（under），super (above, upper, excessive)，trans（across，through，beyond），re（against, back）, para(beside, beyond, near to), intro (into, within), inter (between),

endo(within), epi(upon), ex(out of，away from)，em/en（in），dia（through），apo（from，away from）……..

形容词：

大的，巨大的 -------- mega----mega-karyocyte [megə'kæriəusait] 巨核红细胞 （big，large，huge） marco----macro-phage ['mækrəfeidʒ] 巨噬细胞 megalo---megalo-phonia 巨音症 giganto—giganto-some 巨大发育

Hyper（excessive）------ Hyperemia (excessive blood) hyperplasia (excessive formation) Hypo（deficient）------ Hypotension (low blood pressure);

hypothyroidism (deficiency or underfunction of thyroid)

拉丁语和希腊语两种前缀，拼法不同，含义相同：组成医学英语词汇的“元件”(后缀除外)不全是来源于同一种语言，故同一个意思可能有不同前缀。

例如“multi-”(源自拉丁语)多；“poly-”(源自希腊语)多。multinodular(多结节的)，polyamine（多胺的）。

1. 数词1-10中两种语源的前缀不同： 英语 －－－ 拉丁语－－－ 希腊语 one －－－ uni －－－ mono two －－－ du/bi－－－ dis/dy/di three －－－ tri －－－ tri four －－－ quadra －－－ tetra five －－－ quint －－－ penta six －－－ sext －－－ hexa seven －－－ sept －－－ hepta

1010

eight －－－ octo －－－ octo nine －－ nov/non －－－－ ennea ten －－－ decim－－－ deca/deka half －－－ semi －－－ hemi 2. 医学术语中两种语源的前缀不同：

详见教材P12表格

三、常用医学术语前缀汇总（要求强记）

Some important examples of prefixes:

component meaning AN-, A- AB- AD- BI- DYS- ECTO- without / lack of away from near / toward two / both difficult / painful outside example anaemia = lack of red blood cells abnormal = away from the normal adrenal gland = gland near to the kidney bilateral Wilm's = tumour in both kidneys dysfunction = not working properly ectopic pregnancy = outside the uterine cavity endoscope = an instrument to look inside the body ENDO- inside cavities or organs EPI- HYPER- HYPO- INTER- INTRA- PARA- 1111

upon excessive / above beneath / below between within / Inside beside, about, near epidermis = the outer layer of skin hyperglycaemia = excessive blood sugar levels hypodermic = injection below the skin intercostal = between the ribs intravenous = into a vein parathyroid = beside the thyroid gland PERI- PRE- POST- SUB- SYN-

around before after under / below together with pericardium = membrane around the heart prenatal = before birth post surgical stage = stage after surgery submucosa = tissue below mucus membrane syndrome = group of symptoms occurring together 四、医学术语前缀的分类 1、表示事物基本状况的前缀

a-,an -----without------asymptomatic(无症状的)

dys--------bad，painful，diffcult-------dysplasia（发育异常） hyper------above，excessive-------hyperchromic（深色的） hypo------under，less than normal-------hypoxia（氧气不足） mal------bad-------malnutrition（营养不良）

para------abnormal，irregular-------paralysis（偏瘫） pseudo-------false-----pseudoimage（虚象） 2、意指时间、方位或者位置的前缀

ante-----before------antepartum（分娩前的） ex------out of-------expiration（呼气） in-------in into-------inspiration（吸气） peri------around------pericardium（心包） sub-------below,under------subglottic（声门下的） trans------across------transfusion（输液） 3、意指相互关系的前缀

auto-----self-------autogamy(色素不均)

hetero-----different-------heterosexual（自体受精） homo-----same------homogeneous（异性的） pan,panto-----all------pantosomatous（全身的） 1212

iso------equal-------isotope（同位素） 4、表示数字的前缀

uni-------one-------unipolar(单极的) bi---------two--------bilobular（二小叶的） di---------two--------diiodile（二碘化物） tri--------three------trial（三联征）

tetra------four-------tetrachloride（四氯化物） pent,penta-------five------pentachromic（五色的） centi-------one hundredth-------centigrade（摄氏度） kilo-------thousand---------kilogram（千克）

五、各类常用前缀的英汉含义及构词实例 详见教材P13

Apathy (lack of feeling); apnea (without A (\"an\" before Without, lack of vowel) breath); aphasia (without speech); anemia (lack of blood) Away from Ab mouth) Adductor (leading toward); adhesion (sticking Ad To, toward, near to to); adnexia (structures joined to); adrenal (near the kidney) Ambidextrous (ability to use hands equally); Ambi Both ambilaterally (both sides) About, on both sides, Amphibious (living on both land and water) Amphi both Ampho Ana 1313

Both Up, back, again, Amphogenic (producing offspring of both sexes) Anatomy (a cutting up); anagenesis Abductor (leading away from); aboral (away from excessive (reproduction of tissue); anasarca (excessive serum in cellular tissues of body) Antecubital (before elbow); anteflexion Ante Before, forward (forward bending) Against, opposed to, Antiperistalsis (reversed peristalsis); Anti reversed antisepsis (against infection) Aponeurosis (away from tendon); apochromatic Apo From, away from (abnormal color) Biarticulate (double joint); bifocal (two Bi Twice, double foci); bifurcation (two branches) Down, according to, Catabolism (breaking down); catalepsia Cata complete (complete seizure); catarrh (flowing down) Circumflex (winding about); circumference Circum Around, about (surrounding); circumarticular (around joint) Com With, together Commissure (sending or coming together) Conductor (leading together); concrescence Con With, together (growing together); concentric (having a common center) Dehydrate (remove water from); dedentition De Away from (removal of teeth); decompensation (failure of compensation) Diplopia (double vision); dichromatic (two Di Twice, double colors); digastric (double stomach) Through, apart, Dia across, completely through); diagnosis (complete knowledge) Dis Reversal, apart from, Disinfection (apart from infection); disparity Diaphragm (wall across); diapedesis (ooze 1414

Dys E, ex Ec Ecto Em, en.Endo Epi Exo Extra He mi Hyper Hypo 15

separation Bad, difficult, disordered Out, away from Out from On outer side, situated on In Within Upon, on Outside, on outer side, outer layerOutside Half Over, above, excessive Under, below, deficient (apart from equality); dissect (cut apart) Dyspepsia (bad digestion); dyspnea (difficult breathing); dystopia (disordered position) Enucleate (remove from); eviscerate (take out viscera or bowels); exostosis (outgrowth of bone) Ectopic (out of place); eccentric (away from center); ectasia (stretching out or dilation) Ectoderm (outer skin);ectoretina (outer layer of retina) Empyema (pus in); encephalon (in the head) Endocardium (within heart); endometrium (within uterus) Epidural (upon dura); epidermis (on skin) Exogenous (produce outside); exocolitis (inflammation of outer coat of colon) Extracellular (outside cell); extrapleural (outside pleura) Hemiplegia (partial paralysis); hemianesthesia (loss of feeling on one side of body) Hyperemia (excessive blood); hypertrophy (overgrowth); hyperplasia (excessive formation) Hypotension (low blood pressure); hypothyroidism (deficiency or underfunction of 15 thyroid) Im, in Im, in Infra Inter Intra Intro Meta OpisthoPara Per Peri 16

Immersion (act of dipping in); infiltration In, Into (act of filtering in); injection (act of forcing liquid into) Immature (not mature); involuntary (not Not voluntary); inability (not able) Infraorbital (below eye); infraclavicular Below (below clavicle or collarbone) Intercostal (between ribs); intervene (come Between between) Intracerebral (within cerebrum); intraocular Within (within eyes); intraventricular (within ventricles ) Introversion (turning inward); introduce (lead Into, within into) Metamorphosis (change of form); metastasis Beyond, change (beyond original position); metacarpal after, change (beyond wrist) Opisthotic (behind ears); opisthognathous Behind, backward (beyond jaws) Beside, Paracardiac (beside the heart); paraurethral beyond, near to (near the urethra) Permeate (pass through); perforate (bore Through, excessive through); peracute (excessively acute) Periosteum (around bone); periatrial. (around Around atrium); peribronchial (around bronchus) 16Post Pre Pro Re Retro Semi Sub Super Supra Sym, syndromeTrans 17

Postoperative (after operation); postpartum After, behind (after childbirth); postocular (behind eye) Premaxillary (in front of maxilla); preoral (in Before, in front of front of mouth) Prognosis (foreknowledge); prophase (appear Before, in front of before) Reflex (bend back); revert (turn again to); Back, again, regurgitation (backward flowing, contrary to contrary normal) Retrocervical (located behind cervix); Backward, located retrograde (going backward); retrolingual. behind (behind tongue) Semicartilaginous (half cartilage); Half semilunar(halfmoon); semiconscious (half conscious) Subcutaneous (under skin); subarachnoid (under Under arachnoid); subungual (under nail) Above, upper, Supercilia (upper brows); supernumerary excessive (excessive number); supermedial (above middle) Suprarenal (above kidney); suprasternal (above Above, upper, sternum); suprascapular (on upper part of excessive scapula) Symphysis (growing together); synapsis Together, with (joining together); synarthrosis (articulation of joints together) Across, through, Transection (cut across); transduodenal 17 beyond (through duodenum); transmit (send beyond) Ultraviolet (beyond violet end of spectrum); ultraligation (ligation of vessel beyond point Ultra Beyond, in excess of origin); ultrasonic (sound waves beyond the upper frequency of hearing by human ear)

第三章 医学英语术语学后缀概论 一、医学英语术语后缀简介

A suffix follows the end of a word and forms a new word. In medical terminology, a suffix provides important clues about a word's definition.

后缀：用于单词后作为添加词素来改变词汇含义的一小部分或改变词性但不明显改变一个单词的含义。

1、不明显改变词义的后缀，根据词性分类：

a. 名词性后缀：-ness，-ance，-ship，-age

b．动词性后缀：-fy，-ize，-ate，-en

c．形容词性后缀：-less，-full，-ish，-able，-active d．副词性后缀：-ly，-ward，-wise 2、有特定清晰的含义的后缀：

-itis：inflammation （炎症）------bronchitis，conjunctivitis， tracheitis（气管炎） -cyte：cell（细胞）--------phagocyte（吞噬细胞） -pepsia：digestion（消化）-------dispepsia（消化不良） -pathy：disease（病）-------mastopathy（乳腺病） 二、医学英语术语后缀分类

结构分类：简单后缀（simple suffix）和复合后缀（compound suffix） Simple suffix：-ism，-itis，-ia，-ic，-oid，-oma，-osis，-y Compound suffix：-fissure，-ectomy，-sclerosis，-trophy

Some examples of suffixes:- 1818

component meaning -AEMIA example condition of blood leukaemia = cancer of blood cells -ECTOMY excision / removal nephrectomy = excision of a kidney -ITIS -OLOGY -OMA -PATHY -OSIS

三、术语后缀的起源和含义功能

1、起源于实体单词，表示胜利或者病例的状况： ：-spasm（痉挛）------ typhlospasm（盲肠痉挛） -edema（水肿）------ podedma（足水肿）

-necrosis（坏死）------ odontonecrosis（牙坏死） -stenosis（狭窄）------ arteriostenosis （动脉狭窄） -ectopia （异位）------ splenectopia （脾移位） -ectasis（扩张）------- cholecystectasis （胆囊扩张） -lithiasis（结石）------ hepatolithiasis （肝石病） -pyosis（下垂）------- blepharoptopsis（睑下垂） 2、后缀意指检查诊断和治疗过程

此类后缀大多数是复合后缀，包含了词根和简单后缀：

如：-iatry含义为healing，treatment

-centesis --surgical puncture to withdraw fluid---arthrocentesis（关节穿刺术） -ectomy -- cutting out--- adenoidectomy（增殖腺切开术） -graphy ------- recording，writing----cardiography（心电图） -metry ------- measuring --- pelvimetry（骨盆测量仪）

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inflammation hepatitis = inflammation of the liver study / science of cytology = the study of cells tumour disease retinoblastoma = tumour of the eye neuropathy = disease of the nervous system disease /condition necrosis = dying cells -pexy ------- fixing by suturing ----colopexy（结肠固定术） -plasty ------- reshaping or repair -----mycostasis（肌成型术） -scopy ------- examining with mirror ---- cystoscopy（膀胱镜检） -stasis ------- arresting，halting ---- laryngostasis（喉阻塞）

-stomy ------- making an opening ---- thoracostomy（胸廓造口术，吻口术） -tomy ------- cutting into ------ craniotripsy（颅骨切除术）

四、常见后缀分类和词汇实例

TABLE 1: The following table consists of suffixes showing disease or change in the body.

Suffix Meaning -algia pain Example talalgia (踝关节痛) ankle -cele hernia gastrocele （胃膨出） stomach -dynia -ectasis pain, swelling dilation, expansion urodynia（尿痛） urine Bronchiolectasis（支气管扩张） bronchus -(a)emia blood leuk(a)emia（白血病） white -gen producing, beginning Carcinogen（致癌物） cancer -iasis abnormal condition, formation of, presence of -itis -malacia inflammation softening Cholelithiasis（胆结石） gall stone Hepatitis（肝炎） stomach Osteomalacia（骨软化） bone -megaly enlargement Splenomegaly（脾肿大） spleen 2020

-oid -oma -osis -pathy -penia -phagia -phasia -plegia -phobia -ptosis -rrhage -rrhea -rrhexis -sclerosis -spasm resemble tumour abnormal condition, disease decrease, deficiency eating, swallowing speech paralysis, stroke fear prolapse, falling dropping burst forth discharge, flow of watery stools rupture hardening Fibroid（纤维状的） fibres Adenoma（腺瘤） gland Dermatosis（皮肤病） skin Nephropathy（肾病） kidney erthyropenia red (cell) dysphagia difficult aphasia without hemiplegia half acrophobia heights blepharoptosis eyelid haemorrhage blood diarrhea enterorrhexis intestines artheriosclerosis joints involuntary contraction, twitching bronchospasm bronchus Table 2：Suffixes used for diagnoses

Suffix Meaning -gram -graph -graphy -meter record of data Example encephalogram brain instrument for recording cardiograph heart act of recording data instrument for measuring radiography craniometer cranium -metry measurement of audiometry audio (hearing) -scope -scopy instrument for viewing examination of laryngoscope larynx laparoscopy abdomen 2121

Table3：These suffixes describe types of incisions made during surgery.

Suffix -ectomy -centesis -stomy -tomy Meaning removal tap, puncture Example mastectomy breast thoracentesis chest mouth, forming an opening colostomy colon incision, to cut into tracheotomy trachea Table3：The following suffixes also describe surgery in terms of repairing, rebuilding, reconstructing, or binding Suffix -desis Meaning Example binding , stabilization pleurodesis pleural membrane (lining of the lung) -rrhapy -pexy -plasty suture fixation, suspension formation, plastic repair arteriorrhaphy artery gastropexy stomach rhinoplasty nose -clasis to break down, refracture osteoclasis bone -lysis loosen, free form adhesions, destruction enterolysis small intestine -tripsy to crush cholelithotripsy gallstone Table4： Adjective endings that mean \"pertaining to\" are: Adjective endings -ac -al Example cadiac heart skeletal skeleton 2222

-ary -ic -ical -ous -tic -ar salivary saliva pelvic pelvis surgical surgery venous vein paralytic paralysis muscular muscles Table 5：These suffixes show the word is a noun Noun endings -iac Meaning indicates person afflicted with certain diseases or conditions -ia -is -ism -ist -y an unhealthy state anesthesia Example hemophiliac forms the noun from the root cutis skin condition, state of being one who specialises condition, process alcholism alcohol radiologist radiology neuropathy nervous system disease Table6：These suffixes show the word is a small version of a thing. Diminutive ending -ole -icle -ule Meaning Example artiole artery small, little minute particle piece veinule vein Table7：These suffixes indicate whether the noun is singular or plural. 2323

Singular Plural Example Singular patella thorax lumen Example Plural patellae throraces lumina indices diagnoses ganglia ova digiti deformities carcinomata a ax en ix / ex sis on um us y ma

ae aces ina ices index ses a a i ies mata diagnosis ganglion ovum digitus deformity carcinoma 2424

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